Structure of language (descriptive linguestics) Historical Linguistics Language and culture (Ethnolinguistics) Language in social contexts (Socialinguistics)

discourse Sentences Phrases Words Morphemes Phonemes

Language Flashcards by pedrin perez

Definition of Language

A symbolic system of sounds or gestures, put together according to a certain set of rules

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What are the four types of communication ?

Olfactory, Tactile, Visual, Language

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Characteristics of Human Language

Open system vs. Closed system
The ability to displace
Learned
Symbolic
Arbitrary
Discrete

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What are symbols in Language?

Sounds or gestures that stand for meaning among a group of people

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Signal

A sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning

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Fixed action patterns

Behaviors that occurs in an identical fasion among most members of a species (though it may be limited to one sex or the other), is elicited by specfic enviornmental stimulus, and is typically more complex than reflex.

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Emphasis of Lecture

Structure of language (descriptive linguestics)
Historical Linguistics
Language and culture (Ethnolinguistics)
Language in social contexts (Socialinguistics)

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(Structure of language) Descriptive linguistics:

The branch of anthropological linguestics that studies how language are structured

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6 levels of Language

discourse
Sentences
Phrases
Words
Morphemes
Phonemes

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Phonology

Sutdy of the basic building blocsk of language and how they are combined

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Phonetics

The study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds

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Two basic parts of language structure

Phonology
Grammar

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Allophones

Different sounds belonging to the same class of phoneme

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English has how many phonemes and in how many languages?

English has 46 phonemes in a range of 15-100 languages

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Morpheme

Smallest units of sound that have meanings

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Free-Morpheme

Morpheme that has meaning by itself

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Bound Morpheme

Morpheme that only has meaning when attached to another morpheme

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Allomorph

Variants of the same morpheme

Grammar

the systematic ways that sounds are combined in any given language to send and receive meaningful utterances

Three parts of Grammar

Morphology
Syntax
Lexicon

Morphology

Rules governing how morphemes are formed into words

Syntax

Principles guiding how words are arranged into phrases and sentences

Lexicon

A dictionary containing all the morphemes and meanings within a language

Frame substition

A method used to identify the syntatic unit of language

Nonverbal communication

The various means by which humans send and receive messages without using words

kinesics

The study of communication through body movements, gestures, stances, and facial expresses

Paralanguage

The extralinguistic noises that accompany language, for example of crying or laughing

Voice Qualities

The background characteristics of a speakers voice

Vocalizations

identifiable paralinguistic noises that are turned on and off at perceivable nd relatvely short intervals

Vocal characterizers

Sound production such as laughing or cyring that humas speak through

Vocal Qualifiers

Sound productions of brief duration that modify utterances in terms of intensity

Vocal Segregates

Sound productions that are similar to the sounds of language, but do not apperar in sequences that can properly be called words

Historical linguistics

Focuses on how languages change over time and the realationship of languages to one another

Language Families

Languages that derive from same protolanguage

Protolanguage

A hypothesized ancestral language from which two or more languages seem to ahve derived

Glottochronology

A method of dating divergence in branches of language families

Core vocabulary

Nonspecialist vocabulary that generally includes pronouns, lower numbers, names of body parts, and natural objects

Ethnolinguistics

The study of the relationship between language and culture

Nuer

Pastoralist people of the Sudan

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The notion that a persons languages shapes her or his perceptions and view of the world.

Socialinguistics

The branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language and culture are related and how language is used in different social contexts

Code switching

The practice of using different forms of language depending on the soical situation

Dialects

Varying forms of a language that reflects particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible