Subsistence quiz 4

Question 1

Five Major Subsistence Strategies

Answer 1

• Food Collecting
• Horticulture
• Pastoralism
• Agriculture (intensive agriculture)
• INdustrialization

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

Process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to an available enviornment and the result of that process

Question 3

Cultural Ecology

Answer 3

The sutyd of interaction of specific human culture with their enviornment

Question 4

Ecology

Answer 4

The sutyd of interactions of living organisms with one another and thier inorganic world

Question 5

Ecosystem

Answer 5

A community of different species of plants and animals interacting with one another and the chemical and physical parts of thier enviornement

Question 6

Biome

Answer 6

Regions that share physical characteristics and have similar communities of plants and animals

Question 7

Culture type

Answer 7

The view of culture in therms of the realtion of its particular technology to the enviornemnt exploited by that technology

Question 8

Environment and Technology

Answer 8

• Food getting stragey will depend primarily on enviornment and technology
• Relationship neither neat or tidy
• Enviornment does not determine strategy, rather sets broad limits
• More complex technologies gerater control ove rthe enviornment

Question 9

Carrying Capacity

Answer 9

Theoretical limit to which a population may grow and maintain itself without deleterious effects on its enviornment

Question 10

Optimal foraging theory

Answer 10

a theory that foragers lok for those species of plants and animasl that will maximize their caloric intake for the time spent hunting and gathering food

Question 11

Convergent Evolution

Answer 11

In cultural evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar enviornmental conditions by peoples whos ancestrals cultures were different

Question 12

Parallel Evolution

Answer 12

In culturel evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar enviornmental conditions by epoples whose ancestral cultures were similar

Question 13

Culture Core

Answer 13

The features of a culture that play a part in matters relating to the societys way of making a living

Question 14

Ethnoscientist

Answer 14

Anthropologist who seek to understand the principles behind native idea systems and ways those principles inform a people about their enviornment and help them survive. (Emic approach)

Question 15

Who came up with the idea of Cultural Materialism

Answer 15

Marvin Harris

Question 16

Cultural materialism

Answer 16

Anthropologist who seek to understand the principles behind native idea systems and ways those principles inofrm a people about their enviornment and help them survive

Question 17

Components of universal pattern

Answer 17

• Infrastructure
• Structure
• Superstructure

Question 18

Infrastructure

Answer 18

Consists of the technologies and productive and reproductive activities that bears directerly on the provision of food and shelter, protection against illness, and the satisfaction of sexual and other basic human needs and drives

Question 19

Structure

Answer 19

Cultural materialistic term for eh social and political organizational components of human culture

Question 20

Superstructure

Answer 20

Cultural Materialist term of rhe “realm of values, beliefs, aesthetics, rules, symbols, rituals, religions, philosophies, and other forms of knowledge, including science itself

Question 21

Food collecting

Answer 21

• collection and exploitation of wild plants and animals that already exist in the natural enviornment
• 90% of human history we have been hunters and gathers
• Change begain with the nolithic revolution
• Only a few societies are existing today
• Restricted to marginal habitats
• Much cultural variation

Question 22

General chuaracteristics of FC societies

Answer 22

• Low popultaion densities
• nomadic or semi-nomadic
• Basic social unit family or band
• Occupy remote and marginally useful regions of the planet
• Social, political, ecnomic institutions less complex
• Wild plants provide greatest amount of food

Question 23

Density of Social Relations

Answer 23

Roughly, the number and inensity of interatcions amoung members of a camp or residential unit

Question 24

Ju/ Hoasnsi

Answer 24

• totally dependent on HG
• Strong division of labor
• most important food item: Mongongo nut
• Demgraphics not that different from industrialized socities
• Almost never face starvation
• RElatively low investments of energy (12- 19 hours per week)

Question 25

Netsilik Eskimos

Answer 25

• Live in one of the most inhabitable regions of the world
• LIve in delicate balance with the enviornenment
• Number of strategies to deal with their enviornement
• Under constatnt ecological pressure

Question 26

Food Producing Societies

Answer 26

• Approximately 10Kya transition to food producing began
• Known as Neolithic revolution
• First in Mesopotamia (10 Mya)
• Thailand (9Kya)
• China (8kYa)
• Sub-Saharan Africa ( 5Kya)

Question 27

Why did societies turn into Food-producing societies ?

Answer 27

• Enironment: Varioation in rainfall and temperature
• Demographics > Incrased population size, increased population pressure

Question 28

The Cultural changes in Food-producing Societies

Answer 28

• increase in population size
• Children become important economic resource
• Societies become more sedentary
• Greater Diversity of labor
• Greater complexity in social, political, economic systems

Question 29

Four kinds of food-producing socieites?

Answer 29

• Horticulture
• Agriculture
• Pastoralism
• Industrialization

Question 30

Horticulture

Answer 30

• Simplest form of farming
• uses basci hand tools
• Generally absent: Plows, animal power, irrigation, fertilizers
• RElationviely low crop yields
• Often practice mixed strategies