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Brain And Behaviour > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

Define language

A

Is a system for representing and communicating information that uses words combined according to grammatical rules

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2
Q

Define speech

A

An audible form of communication built on the sounds humans produce.

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3
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Fundamental sounds that a language uses to communicate

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4
Q

What is language acquisition?

A

Learning a language

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5
Q

How do children learn the the combination of sounds?

A

Possible locations of word boundary
Syllable emphasis

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6
Q

How does listening to speech affect the brain?

A

Activates extensive areas in the temporal lobe with activation strongly biased toward the left hemisphere.

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7
Q

Define verbal dyspraxia

A

An inability to produce the coordinated muscular movements needed for speech

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8
Q

What genes underlie verbal dyspraxia?

A

FOXP2 - a transcription factor responsible for turning other genes off and on,

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9
Q

What is specific language impairment?

A

Consists of a developmental delay in the mastery of language that may persist into adulthood and is not associated with hearing difficulty or more general developmental delays

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10
Q

What genes are involved with SLI?

A

FOXP2
CNTNAP2 - neurexin protein
KIAA0319

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11
Q

What role does CNTNAP2 play in the brain?

A

Proteins on the presynaptic side of synapses that serve to hold the presynaptic and postsynaptic events together.

Brain development by properly locating potassium channels in the developing neurons.

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12
Q

What is the role of KIAA0319 in the brain?

A

Neuronal migration during neocortical development

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13
Q

Define dyslexia

A

Difficulty learning to read despite normal intelligence and training,

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14
Q

What gene is involved with dyslexia?

A

KIAA0319

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15
Q

Define aphasia

A

Partial or complete loss of language abilities following brain damage, often without the loss of cognitive faculties or the ability to move muscles used in speech

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16
Q

Define Broca’s aphasia

A

A language disturbance in which a person has difficulty speaking or repeating words but can understand language

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17
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Left frontal lobe

18
Q

Where is wernickes area located?

A

Superior surface of the temporal lobe between the auditory cortex and the angular GYRUS

19
Q

Define anomia

A

Inability to find words

20
Q

Define agrammatism

A

Inability to construct grammatically correct sentences

21
Q

Define paraphasic errors

A

Substitute incorrect sounds or words

22
Q

What are the characteristics of Broca’s aphasia?

A

Anomia
Content words (nouns, verbs and adjectives carrying content specific to the sentence) is used but function words (articles, pronouns and conjunctions) are left out
Agrammatism
Paraphasic errors

23
Q

Define wernickes aphasia

A

Speech is fluent but comprehension is poor

24
Q

Define Wernicke-Geschwind model

A

A model for language processing involving interactions of Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area with sensory and motor areas

25
Q

What brain areas are involved in Wernickes-Geschwind model

A

Broca’s
Wernickes
Arcuate fasciculus - a bundle of axons connecting the two cortical areas
Angular GYRUS

26
Q

Describe the pathway involved in repeating a spoken word

A

Sound - auditory cortex - wernickes area (meaning found) - arcuate fasciculus - Broca’s area (coding for muscle movement) - motor cortex

27
Q

Describe the pathway involved in repeating aloud a written word

A

Reading - primary visual cortex - angular GYRUS - wernickes - Broca’s - motor cortex

28
Q

What are several errors with the Wernicke-Geschwind model?

A
  1. Visual information can be processed in other areas which bypass the angular GYRUS
  2. Aphasia also due to damage to thalamus which is not shown in model
  3. Language improvements after stroke. Other brain regions can compensate for lost areas
29
Q

Define conduction aphasia

A

A type of aphasia associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus, characterised by good comprehension and speech but difficulty repeating words

30
Q

What happens to a bilingual person suffers from a stroke

A

Not predictable but the language learned more fluently and earlier in life tends to be relatively more preserved

Similar effect to both languages if learned at the same time

31
Q

Define split brain studies

A

Hemispheres are surgically disconnected

32
Q

Describe the affects of left hemisphere language dominance in split brains

A

Repeat words, describe numbers, words and pictures casually present on the right visual field.

Describe the objects being manipulated in only the right hand.

Unable to describe anything to the left of the visual fixation point

33
Q

What affects the language functions of the right hemisphere in split brains?

A

Read and understand numbers, letters and short words as long as no verbal response was required

34
Q

What is the right hemisphere usually dominant in?

A

Comprehending languages,

35
Q

What is an anatomical difference in the two hemispheres

A

Left Sylvian fissure is longer and less steep than the right,

36
Q

What areas are larger on the left between the two hemispheres?

A

PLANUM Temporal
Broca’s area
Insula

37
Q

Which brain region is the best predictor for language dominance?

A

Insula

38
Q

What did stimulation of the motor cortex in the area that controls the mouth and lips

A

Immediate speech arrest

In other motor cortex areas, evoked cries or rhythmic vocalisation.

39
Q

What sites resulted in word confusion and speech arrest after stimulation?

A

Posterior lobe near the Sylvian fissure
Temporal lobe

In the vicinity of the arcuate fasciculus and wernickes area.

40
Q

What conclusions have been made from stimulation of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. There is a considerable variability in areas stimulated that affects language.
  2. Areas between known language regions do not affect language,
  3. Stimulation at nearby site ps can evoke different effects but far away areas evoke same effect

Brain And Behaviour (9 decks)

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