Memory

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

Acquisition of new knowledge or skills

Question 2

Define memory

Answer 2

Retention of learned information

Question 3

Define declarative memory

Answer 3

Memory for facts and events

Question 4

Define episodic memory

Answer 4

Autobiographical life experiences

Question 5

Define semantic memory

Answer 5

Facts

Question 6

Define nondeclarative memories

Answer 6

Memory for skills, habits, emotional responses, and some reflexes

Question 7

Define procedural memory

Answer 7

Memory for skills and behaviour

Question 8

What two categories does the formation of procedural memory occur?

Answer 8

1. Nonassociative learning
2. Associative learning

Question 9

Define nonassociative learning

Answer 9

A change in behavioural response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimuli

Question 10

What are the two types of nonassociative learning?

Answer 10

1. Habituation
2. Sensitisation

Question 11

Define habituation

Answer 11

Learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning

Question 12

Define sensitisation

Answer 12

A form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli, even one’s that previously evoked little or no reaction

Question 13

Define associative learning

Answer 13

Behaviour altered by the formation Of associations between events

Question 14

What are the two types of associative learning?

Answer 14

1. Classical learning
2. Instrumental learning

Question 15

Define classical conditioning

Answer 15

Involves associating a stimulus that evokes a measurable response with a second stimulus that does not evoke a response

Question 16

Define instrumental conditioning

Answer 16

An individual learns to associate a response, a motor act, with a meaningful stimulus, typically a reward such as food

Question 17

What are long term memories

Answer 17

Those you can recall days, months, or years after they were originally stored,

Question 18

What are short term memories?

Answer 18

Retention of information about recent events or facts that is not yet consolidated into long term memory

Question 19

Define memory consolidation

Answer 19

The process by which short term memories lasting hours to days are converted into long term memories lasting weeks to years

Question 20

Define working memories

Answer 20

Information storage that is temporary, limited in capacity and requires continual rehearsal

Question 21

Define amnesia

Answer 21

A severe loss of memory or the ability to learn

Question 22

What are dissociated amnesia

Answer 22

Amnesia not accompanied by an other cognitive deficit

Question 23

What are the two types of memory loss?

Answer 23

1. Retrograde amnesia
2. Anterograde amnesia

Question 24

Define retrograde amnesia

Answer 24

Events for a period of time prior to the trauma are forgotten but the memories from the distant past and the period following the trauma are intact

Loss of declarative information learned prior

Question 25

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 25

Events prior to the trauma can be remembered but there are no memories for the period following the trauma Inability to form new memories

Question 26

What is transient global amnesia?

Answer 26

Sudden onset of anterograde amnesia that lasts for only a period of minutes to days, often accompanied by retrograde amnesia for recent events preceding the attack

Question 27

What brain region is involved in retaining information in working memory?

Answer 27

Prefrontal cortex

Question 28

What neuron temporarily holds information

Answer 28

LIP

Question 29

Define engram or memory trace

Answer 29

The physical representation or location of a memory

Question 30

What was Lashleys contribution to memory storage?

Answer 30

That all of the cortex participates in memory storage, and that an engram can be widely distributed in the brain

Question 31

What did Hebb propose?

Answer 31

The internal representation of an object consists of all three cortical cells that are activated by the external stimulus.

Question 32

Define cell assembly

Answer 32

A group of simultaneously active neurons that represent an object held in memory

Question 33

What did Hebb discover about engram?

Answer 33

1. It could be widely distributed among the connections that link the cells of the assembly 2. It could involve the same neurons that are involved in sensation and perception

Question 34

What brain site stores long term memory?

Answer 34

Temporal neocortex Medial temporal lobe is essential for the formation of declarative memories

Question 35

How does sensory information flow through the medial temporal lobe?

Answer 35

Sensory information Cortical association areas PARAHIPPOCAMPAL and rhinos cortical areas Hippocampus - feed back look to the cortical association areas FORNIX Thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 36

What is a major output pathway from the hippocampus?

Answer 36

FORNIX

Question 37

What role do selective neurons play in the hippocampus regarding memory?

Answer 37

Serve a role in the formation of new memories of people and things we already recognise

Question 38

What happens when the medial temporal lobe is damaged?

Answer 38

Severe anterograde amnesia

Question 39

What is delayed non-match to sample?

Answer 39

A behavioural task in which animals are trained to displace one of two alternative objects that does not match a previously seen sample object

Question 40

Define recognition memory

Answer 40

Ability to judge whether a stimulus has been seen before

Question 41

What causes the most severe memory deficits?

Answer 41

Damage to the perirhinal cortex - not specific to information from a particularly sensory modality

Question 42

What role does the hippocampus play in memories?

Answer 42

1. In binding sensory information for the purpose of memory consolidation 2. Supports spatial memory of the location of objects of behavioural importance 3. Storage of memories for some length

Question 43

Define place cells

Answer 43

A neuron in the rat hippocampus that responds only when the animal is in a certain region of space

Question 44

What role does the caudate play in memory?

Answer 44

Reflects movement planning

Question 45

What are grid cells

Answer 45

Respond when an Nima is at multiple locations that form a hexagonal grid Located in entorhinal cortex

Question 46

How does grid cells and place cells interact?

Answer 46

Place fields in the hippocampus may result from summation of inputs from grid cells

Question 47

What is the cognitive map theory?

Answer 47

States that the hippocampus is specialised for creating a spatial map of the environment

Question 48

What is the standard model of memory consolidation?

Answer 48

Information comes through neocortex areas associated with sensory systems and is then sent to the medial temporal lobe for processing.

Question 49

What is synaptic consolidation?

Answer 49

The transformation of sensory information into a temporary memory trace in the hippocampusn

Question 50

What is systems consolidation

Answer 50

Occurs in which engrams are moved gradually over time into distributed areas of the neocortex,

Question 51

What is multiple trace model of consolidation?

Answer 51

An alternative to the standard model of memory consolidation in which the hippocampus participates indefinitely in memory storage along with the neocortex; in this model, each time an episodic memory is recalled in a new context, an additional memory is formed

Question 52

Define reconsolidation

Answer 52

The process of retrieving, modifying and storing a memory that was previously consolidated

Question 53

What happens to memory when a lesion is present on the FORNIX or striatum?

Answer 53

FORNIX - degraded performance in standard maze task but light task unaffected Striatum - impaired light task, no affect on standard task

Question 54

What brain site is linked to habit learning

Answer 54

Striatum