Language and Gender

Question 1

Dale Spender

Answer 1

1980: wrote ‘Man Made Language’, androcentrism, generic, marking and tautology

Question 2

Paul Baker

Answer 2

2014: Corpus of Historical American English, steady decrease in use of ‘mankind’ since 1840s

Question 3

Julia Stanley

Answer 3

1973: marked inequality in number of words for sexually promiscuous women (200) compared to men

Question 4

Sunderland

Answer 4

2014: Google scholar search, 5x more hits for ‘gender differences’, 8x if you add ‘-in language’

Question 5

Mills

Answer 5

2008: men and women presented in opposites in comedy, women= manipulative, circulates stereotypes

Question 6

Louann Brizendine

Answer 6

2006: claimed women use 20,000 words a day and men use 7000

Question 7

Pamela Fishman

Answer 7

1970s: 3 married couples conversations, women’s topics rejected more, used 2 and a half more tag Qs, ‘fanned the flames of conversation’

Question 7

Matthias Mehl

Answer 7

American survey, less than 1000 difference in word use per day

Question 8

Peter Trudgill

Answer 8

1974: Men more liekly to use ‘thinkin’, covert and overt prestige

Question 9

Robin Lakoff

Answer 9

1975: Female language is powerless, features of female talk

Question 10

Zimmerman and West

Answer 10

1975: Uni campus, interruptions equal in same-sex conversations, 96% by men in cross-gender ones

Question 11

O’Barr and Atkins

Answer 11

1980: low-satus speakers used more ‘women’s language features’ because they had less power

Question 12

Janet Holmes

Answer 12

1980s: Types of tag questions, women do use more
1988: staff meetings, men interrupt more and get longer turns speaking

Question 13

Deborah Tannen

Answer 13

1990: published ‘You Just Don’t Understand’, response to ‘how was your day’, mean and women seek different things

Question 14

Jennifer Coates

Answer 14

typical all-male and all-female talk, hegemonic masculinity

Question 15

Jones

Answer 15

2000: double-bind in the workplace, femininity vs manager

Question 16

Sylvia Shaw

Answer 16

2006: HoC debates, women arrely seized the floor ‘illegally’

Question 17

Deborah Cameron

Answer 17

2008: ‘The Myth of Mars and Venus’, no innate gnder differences

Question 18

Janet Hyde

Answer 18

2005: ‘gender similarities’ hypothesis, only differences in spelling and smiling

Question 19

Kimberle Crenshaw

Answer 19

Intersectionality, gender is multi-faceted with other aspects of identity

Lazar: helps researchers veiw identity as plural
Levon: no one category is sufficient to describe individual experience
Wodak: problematic to isolate gender

Question 20

Judith Butler

Answer 20

Performativity: we construct our identity through linguistic acts

Question 21

Lucy Jones

Answer 21

Indexicality (context dependent) and heteronormativity

Question 22

Emma Moore

Answer 22

2010: Bolton girls, CoPs, class versus social networks

Question 23

Elizabeth Stokoe

Answer 23

2008: how speakers ‘orient to’ gender

Question 24

Jacobi and Schweers

Answer 24

2017: more interruptions directed at female justices (US)

Question 25

Erenz Levon

Answer 25

2018: uptalk in sexual assault cases, female witnesses seen as less credible