World Englishes

Question 1

MLE

Answer 1

1980s: London-born ethnolect, /d/ for ‘then’, ‘innit’ as a tag and ‘man’ as a pronoun

Question 2

Braj Kachru

Answer 2

1985/92: 3 circles model, inner (English as L1), outer (L2) and expanding (no official status for English)

Question 3

McArthur

Answer 3

1987: model of ‘circle of Englishes’ suggests there is one world standard

Question 4

Speak Good English Movement

Answer 4

2000: against the Singaporean creole ‘Singlish’, repetition for emphasis and particles ‘lah’ and ‘meh’

Question 5

Schneider

Answer 5

2007: Dynamic model of post-colonial Englishes- foundation, exonormative stablisation, nativisation, endonormative stabilisation, differentiation

Question 6

Kinzler, Shutts, DeJesus and Spelke

Answer 6

2009: children proritise accent over race

Question 7

Cheshire, Fox, Kerswill and Torgersen

Answer 7

2011: innovative features of MLE used most by non-Anglo speakers and speakers with non-Anglo social networks

Question 8

Rob Drummond

Answer 8

2012: Polish speakers in Manchester used ‘-ink’ if returning to Poland, but ‘-ing’ if staying in UK

Question 9

Mair

Answer 9

2013: American English= Hyper-central variety, SBE= Super-central, and Peripheral varieties

Question 10

Gilquin

Answer 10

2018: Researched 107 countries online, confirmed Mair’s hypothesis, especially in the expanding circle

Question 11

Gary Ives

Answer 11

2014: Punjabi speakers differentiated between British Asians and ‘freshies’

Question 12

Rickford and King

Answer 12

2016: Zimmerman trial, witness testimony dismissed as ‘incomprehensible’, actually just not mainstream, white, American English

Question 13

Clist, Paul, Ajran and Vershoor

Answer 13

2017: bilingual speakers in Uganda more willing to contribute resources in a game is agressed in Gisu (collectivist culture) than Lagisu

Question 14

Devyani Sharma

Answer 14

2018: Accommodation, ‘dial up’ Indian English to be persuasive- ‘real me’

Question 15

Kircher and Fox

Answer 15

2019/21: rated MLE (generally unfavourably), most positive= MLE speakers, non-native English speakers and those with higher levels of education

Question 16

Cheshire

Answer 16

2020: Paris had no equivalent ethnolect to London- bc of attitudes, schooling, social networks and class divides

Question 17

McWhorter

Answer 17

2020/22: Black English is more complex than standard English and has its own grammar, so is rule governed

Question 18

Ilbury

Answer 18

2023: parodies of roadmen using MLE online, very accurate- ‘dusty’ for ‘ugly’, /d/ for ‘then’, ‘man’ as a first person pronoun (found 862 times)