Language and Linguistics Flashcards by Josh Søn Af Morten

This is a person, place, or thing

noun

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This type of noun can’t be touched, tasted, seen, heard, felt, or smelt ex) anger

abstract noun

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Concrete nouns are broken into these two types

General ex) animal, city

Specific ex) bullfrog, Seattle

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This part of speech is an action or state of being

verb

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“Jumps” is an example of this verb tense

present

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“Jumped” is an example of this verb tense

past

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“Will jump” is an example of this verb tense

future

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“Has jumped” is an example of this verb tense

present perfect

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“Had jumped” is an example of this verb tense

past perfect

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“Will have jumped” is an example of this verb tense

future perfect

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When the subject comes before the verb, it is this type of “voice”

active voice

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When the subject comes after the verb, it is this type of “voice”

passive voice

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“Star,” “fall,” and “sink” can be used as nouns, verbs, and adjectives, which are called

multiple meaning words

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This part of speech can stand in for a noun. Ex) “he”

pronoun

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“HE reads” indicates this type of pronoun

subjective pronoun

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“Read to HIM” indicates this type of pronoun

objective pronoun

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“HIS book” indicates this type of pronoun

possessive pronoun

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Myself, yourself, and himself - what type of pronoun?

reflexive pronoun (think ‘self reflexes’)

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This, that, and these - what type of pronoun?

demonstrative pronoun (answers ‘which’)

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All, any, few, none - what type of pronoun?

Indefinite pronoun (as in no definite number)

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Which, who, that (in a clause) - what type of pronoun?

Relative pronoun (think ‘Mary, who is my relative’)

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What, which, who, whose (in a question) - what type of pronoun?

Interrogative pronoun (think ‘interrogating a prisoner’)

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This part of speech tells - which, what, what kind, how many, of something

adjective

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The two types of adjectives are

Concrete (shiny, sharp, loud)

Abstract (good, democratic, boring)

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This part of speech gives more info about a verb, adverb, or adjective and sometimes ends in -ly

adverb

This part of speech can tell where, when, how, how often/long, how much

adverb (nearby, soon, quietly, frequently, too)

This part of speech shows how nouns/pronouns relate to other words (He flew ABOVE the cloud)

preposition - can also be group of words (in spite of, together with, on account of)

This part of speech joins words or groups of words (The giant AND the troll gossiped ... The elf ran home, FOR he had forgot)

conjunction

The father AND his son - signifies which type of conjunction?

coordinating - connects nouns or clauses

AFTER the rain stopped ... ALTHOUGH she is fat - signifies which type of conjunction?

subordinating (think that the following phrase is subordinate to the conjunction)

BOTH Steve AND John ... EITHER red OR yellow ... NOT ONLY cheese, BUT ALSO milk - signifies what type of conjunction?

Correlative (co = together, in pairs)

EYES WIDE, MOUTH OPEN, the troll stared at the billy goat ... THE SUN HAVING RISEN, the ogre went into the cave - are types of this phrase:

Absolute phrase (describes parts of a noun or shows cause and effect)

BLOWING DOWN STRAW HOUSES is easy for the wolf ... John worked hard at LEARNING MAGIC - are types of this phrase:

gerund phrase (groups of words that act as a noun, usually -ing + noun/preposition)

This type of phrase can act as a direct object (He likes PLAYING BASEBALL), object of a preposition (Steve practiced at WINNING GAMES), or subject (HITTING HOMERS was Barry Bond's goal)

gerund phrase

"To run" is an example of this type of phrase

infinitive phrase

"To eat apples in the orchard" is this type of phrase

infinitive phrase

"Under the bridge" is this type of phrase

prepositional phrase

"Laughing to break the silence" and "Running quickly" are types of this phrase

participial phrase

The incorrect use of a phrase that begins a sentence and does not connect to the subject is called (Putting on his fireman cap, the forest began to burn)

dangling participal

Similar to an epithet, this phrase follows a noun and gives more information about it (Jack, THE BOLD THIEF, left with the gold).

appositive phrase

This type of clause contains a subject+predicate to tell more about a noun/pronoun and begins with which, that, when, who, whose, whom (The strange words THAT WERE SCRIBBLED ON THE SCROLL were written by an elf)

adjective clause

This type of clause has a subject+predicate and gives more info about a verb, adjective, or adverb. It tells time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition (The dragon roared, SO THAT HE MIGHT FRIGHTEN THE VILLAGERS or Achilles was angry, EVEN THOUGH HE WON THE RACE)

adverbial clause

This type of clause has a subject+predicate and acts like a noun (WHOEVER FORECASTED RAIN was wrong or The Queen asked WHERE THE PRINCESS WAS)

noun clause

The comma (,) has two main functions

To separate and to introduce

The apostrophe (') has two main functions

To show contractions and to show belonging/posession

The colon (:) has three main functions

To show that a list is coming, to show an explanation is coming, to introduce a business letter

This punctuation shows surprise, excitement, anger, or fear

Exclamation point (!)

Quotation marks (" ") are used to

show who is speaking

The semicolon (;) is used to join

independent clauses

"Twenty-one" and "ex-president" are correct uses of this punctuation

hyphen (-)

"I was humming the tune of 'Dixie Land' and it hit me--I couldn't whistle to save my life" shows correct use of this punctuation

dash (--) | Can be used to replace parentheses as well

This word, phrase, or clause is the topic of the sentence (THE DOOR flew open)

subject

This word or groups of words shows what the subject is doing or its condition in a sentence (Jack IS CLIMBING UP THE BEANSTALK or Her eyes CLOSED)

predicate

A compound subject is when

Two nouns are joined together as the subject (THE ELF and THE WIZARD are casting a spell)

A compound predicate is when

Two actions/conditions are joined together as the predicate (Rapunzel LEANED OUT THE WINDOW and UNFURLED HER HAIR)

"The elf ate THE PEAR" or "The wolf surprised HER" are examples of

direct object (answers what? or whom?)

"The witch gave SNOW WHITE an apple" or "Jack's mom sent HIM a card" are examples of

indirect object (answers for whom? or what?)

This type of noun follows a linking verb and gives info about or identifies the subject (Macbeth is a TRAGEDY or The animal was a BEAR)

predicate noun

This type of adjective follows a linking verb and give info about the subject (The tea was SWEET or Achilles seemed DISTRACTED)

predicate adjective

"She loves dancing, singing, and riding" is a good example of this, while "Jack is fast, quick, running, and nimble" is not.

parallel structure

Name a few examples of the 16 different sentence types listed in the book

generalization, summary, comparison, contrast, cause/effect, opinion, definition, procedure, problem/solution, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, law/principle, catalog of facts, assertion, transition

This type of sentence makes a statement and tells about a noun. (Tory is my daughter)

declarative

This type of sentence asks a question (Is that my son Jimmy?)

interrogative

This type of sentence issues a command (Please clear the dinner table)

imperative

This type of sentence communicates strong ideas or feelings (That was a great shot!)

exclamatory

This type of sentence expresses wishes or contradictions contrary to fact (If you were to hang onto the basketball rim, then you could experience the glory of every NBA player)

conditional

A simple sentence has

a single/compound subject and a single/compound predicate or features an independent clause with two phrases

A compound sentence has

two independent clauses joined by semicolon or by a comma+coordinating conjunction

A complex sentence has

one independent and one or more dependent clauses

A compound/complex sentence has

two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

This incorrect sentence is an example of (Tory, Kelly, and I watched the movie, but she didn't like it)

pronoun referent

'An airplane FLEW overhead' is what type of verb?

Intransitive - doesn't name a receiver of the action

'The secondary English student LEARNS teaching strategies from the master teacher' is what type of verb?

Transitive - the verb connects to a receiver of the action and completes the meaning (subject-verb-direct object)

'It WAS rainy' is what type of verb?

Linking/connecting verb

'She MUST HAVE passed the Praxis exam' is what type of verb?

auxiliary/helping verb

Language and Linguistics Flashcards

(75 cards)