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English Language (year 1)- Mrs Sayer > Language and Power/ Situation > Flashcards

Language and Power/ Situation Flashcards

Component 1 Section B (67 cards)

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1
Q

What is Instrumental Power?

A

Power that you hold, may hold position in society- you can use to maintain dominance
Enforceable- supported by ‘instruments of law’
Types: practical power, positional power

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2
Q

What is Practical Power?

A

Power through physical action, violence, skill, money, goods or services
e.g. year 10 bullies year 7 and threatens him

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3
Q

What is Positional Power?

A

Power gained from position in hierarchy; could be backed by law
e.g. your boss asks if you can do overtime, but mentions he will be firing some members of staff

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4
Q

What is Influential Power?

A

Use of own power to influence, assist or inspire others
Can be explicit (easily identifiable) or explicit (subtle- this is the most dangerous and deceiving)
Types: pedagogical power, personal power

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5
Q

What is Pedagogical Power?

A

Use of knowledge and ideas to influence others
e.g. teachers in comparison to students- they teach and influence

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6
Q

What is Personal Power?

A

Use of power to influence through personality, nurturing or caring
e.g. teacher settles you before entering an exam hall

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7
Q

What is Unequal encounter?

A

One person has more/ less power than another in a conversation
e.g. in a classroom

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8
Q

What is Synthetic Personalisation?

A

Addressing fake, made up language and statements to a large audience to make them feel as though they, as individuals, hold lots of power
Collective pronouns (we, us) are used- e.g. Hitler’s speeches

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9
Q

What is Power in discourse?

A

In power situations, language will be solely focused on and how it is being used in order to portray an idea in a certain way (how and what is said)

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10
Q

What is Power behind discourse?

A

Can be backed by theories and reasons in order to portray an idea
Bigger/ wider picture of power in discourse
Deeper meaning to language used
WHY it is said

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11
Q

What is Macro, Meso, Micro?

A

Macro: the wider context and situation of the text
Meso: the audience and purpose of a text
Micro: the text itself, literal, plain text

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12
Q

What are the strands of meaning?

A

Linguistic- literal, simple meaning on a text
Interpersonal- more complex, allows more imagination
Textual- interpretive, triggered by linguistic choices (ideology)

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13
Q

What is ideology?

A

ideation created by textual features

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14
Q

What is Jargon?

A

Special words and phrases used by particular groups of people- used heavily in the workplace

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15
Q

Advantages/ disadvantages of using Jargon?

A

advantage: easy to communicate within discourse communities
disadvantage: needlessly complicated

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16
Q

What is the Plain English Campaign?

A

Organisation which campaigns against jargon, ‘rubbish talk’ is unnecessarily complicated
Crystal clear mark appears on documents to show it provides the clearest possible info

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17
Q

What is the Occupational Register?

A

Refers to language used by professionals in different work settings- helps establish sense of expertise and study

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18
Q

Who are Drew and Heritage and what is their theory?

A

Suggests institutional talk has specific characteristics: pre-allocation of roles, specialised lexicon, constraints (structure, turn-taking, contributions from others)

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19
Q

What is institutional talk (Drew & Heritage)?

A

Communication occurring in workplaces, schools, courts etc (any place of institution)

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20
Q

Who is John Swales and what is his theory?

A

A discourse community has 6 characteristics: broadly agreed set of public goals, specialist lexis/ texts, utilises lots of genres to further it’s aims, levels of memberships

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21
Q

What is a discourse community? (John Swales)

A

A group of people that often take part in their own discourse- they have values and forms of communication in common, provides info and feedback, mechanisms of internal communication among members

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22
Q

Who is Almut Koester and what is his theory?

A

Phatic talk- use of banter within occupational groups is key to creating positive and productive environment- it gives a more personal atmosphere/ more effective working environment

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23
Q

What is phatic talk?

A

communication that functions to create/ maintain relationships (weather, small talk, discussing traffic)

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24
Q

Grice’s maxims

What is the maxim of quantity?

A

Be as informative as one can, not too much or too little info

can be flouted if a person says more/ less than necessary

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25
# Grice's maxims What is the maxim of quality?
Be as truthful as one can, do not say false or unsuppported statements ## Footnote flouted if a person consistently lies in a conversation
26
# Grice's maxims What is the maxim of relevance?
Try to obtain a topic and stick to it in a conversation ## Footnote can be flouted if a person speaks about irrelevant topics in a sentence
27
# Grice's maxims What is the maxim of manner?
Try to be as clear, brief and orderly as possible- avoid ambiguity and obscurity | could correlate with maxim of quantity ## Footnote can be flouted if someone 'waffles' and talks nonsense
28
Who are Brown and Levinson and what is their theory?
Positive and negative face- maintaining a positive image avoids disagreements, criticisms and insults and abides to compliments and congratulating apologising can damage our own face | co-operation between co-workers is key ## Footnote Maintains public image and avoids humiliation
29
What is positive face?
A person's desire to be liked, admired and respected
30
What is negative face?
A person's desire to protect their individual rights- makes someone feel as though they haven't been impeded on/ taken advantage of
31
What is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?
linguistic relativity and determinism- structure/ vocab of a person's language determines their view on the world (everyone percieves the world in different ways, given variations of speech)
32
What is linguistic relativism?
The language a person uses influences their views/ the way they percieve the world
33
What is linguistic determinism?
The language we speak is the definite reason we think/ percieve the world in the way we do
34
What is semantic reclamation? | associated with taboo and derogatory terms
Individuals/ groups use or take ownership of derogatory words that have been used against them- usually political and controversial due to past and present use towards minority groups | targetted groups- women, LGBTQ+, ethnic minorities etc ## Footnote e.g. bitch= b * tch- used against women in comparison to a female dog
35
Who are Sinclair and Coulthard and what is their theory of the IRF model?
An eliciting exchange- initiation: teacher, response: student, feedback: teacher= full IRF use | used as framework for teachers and lesson planning
36
What other 2 exchanges did Sinclair and Coulthard come up with?
Informing exchange- teacher wishes to respond, students respond if they wish= I(R) Directing exhange- teacher wants students to do something, response is non-verbal and responds to an action, teacher feeds back if they wish= IR(F)
37
# Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos What is ethos?
Appeal to speaker's creditability- used to convince audience they are a credible source, valued ## Footnote e.g. using a celebrity within a persuasive text
38
# Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos What is logos?
Appeal to logic/ reason- used to convince audience they're making a logical, worthwhile point ## Footnote e.g. Hitler's speech to the German community had strong logos
39
# Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos What is Pathos?
Appeal to audience's emotions- used to tug at audiences heartstrings ## Footnote e.g. figurative, long anecdotes
40
# Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Kairos What is kairos?
Choose right words, place and time to make an argument- words and phrases need to appeal to engage | a distracted audience= ineffective for making an argument/ point
41
# Pragmatics What is the co-operative prinicple? | Who coined the theory?
Speakers inherently want to cooperate when communicating (it makes understanding the conversation easier) | Paul Grice
42
# Pragmatics What theory is the cooperative principle supported by? | Note that **Paul Grice** coined it
Grice's four maxims (quality, quantity, relevance, manner)
43
# Pragmatics What is meant by the term "conversational implicature?" | Who also coined this? ## Footnote Which theory is it directly linked to?
Looks at indirect speech acts * We want to know what speaker means even though they haven't explicitly said it * Relies on basis that speaker and listener are cooperating- when a speaker implied, they can be confident a listener understands | Paul Grice ## Footnote This theory is directly linked to the cooperative principle theory
44
# Pragmatics What is the physical context?
Where conversation takes place; what objects are present, actions occurring etc
45
# Pragmatics What is the epistemic context?
Refers to what speakers already know about the world | e.g. shared background knowledge
46
# Pragmatics What is linguistic context?
Refers to what has already been said within the utterance | e.g. Jane is referred to as "her" if she's already been referred to once
47
# Pragmatics What is the social context?
Refers to the social relationship among the speakers and hearers ## Footnote Conversations with friends may differ socially compared to strangers who just met
48
# Register What is frozen register?
* Static register, used for very old pieces of discourse * "Frozen" because the language hasn't changed for a long time and it will continue to remain even though it is no longer used today ## Footnote e.g. the Bible, wedding vows
49
# Register What is a formal register?
* Associated with formal versions of English, and formal situations * Used to address people in positions of authority and individuals that hold a level of respect | Used in letters of complaint, speeches, essays etc ## Footnote Often used with teachers, police officers, those who work in the services
50
# Register What is a consultive register?
* Involves a tone of respect as advice is being sought * Used when there is an expert-novice relationship between the two * Quite formal * Also can be informal- includes slang (context dependent)
51
# Register What is a casual register?
* Refers to informal speech used between people who know each other well * Includes slang, contractions, swear words (taboo), local dialect speech features * Used in every day language
52
# Register What is an intimate register?
* Used when talking to close friends, family members, partners * Used in private frequently, as well as when discussing jokes, flirting, discussing personal issues
53
# Register Which theorist came up with the idea of field, mode and tenor?
Michael Halliday
54
# Register What is meant by the field?
Content or subject matter * Our language will change and vary depending on the context ## Footnote E.g. school context- language will be based around curriculum area, topic being studied
55
# Register What is meant by the tenor?
The relationships we have with others who are part of the conversation * Can be affected by status, level of expertise, age, ethic background, gender * Language choices vary based on how they feel about each other, how frequently they meet etc
56
# Register What is meant by the mode? ## Footnote TALK ABOUT REGISTER WHEN TALKING ABOUT MODE- THEY LINK AND RELATE
The channel of communication being used- primarily focus on differences between spoken and written modes and the different roles they play in the learning process
57
What are Halliday's 7 functions of language and what does each one mean?
* Instrumental- express speaker needs * Regulatory- tell others what to do * Interactional- form social relationships * Personal- express feelings and opinions * Heuristic- ask questions * Imaginative- express creative language * Representational- communicate information
58
What are Halliday's meta-functions of language?
* Interpersonal * Textual * Ideational
59
What traditional idea does Halliday's theory of functions of language oppose?
Language is a set of rules * It supports the idea that language is a resource for conveying meaning
60
What is meant by the accomodation theory? | Who coined this theory?
Aims to understand how and why we change our speech based on who we are talking to | Howard Giles
61
# Accomodation Theory Why do people generally accomodate and adjust speech/ style of communication?
Due to influece of social factors (gender, culture, ethinicity, native language, social/ occupational status, age)
62
# Accomodation Theory What two levels did Giles suggest communication happens on?
* Interpersonal * Intergroup
63
# Accomodation Theory What is interpersonal communication?
Communication that is driven by our personalities- we communicate for ourselves and our interests
64
# Accomdation Theory What is intergroup communication?
Communication that is driven by our identities as members of a wider social group
65
# Accomodation Theory What is convergence?
An individual changes their communicative style to sound and appear more like their interlocuter * Usually happens when the individual respects the person they're talking to (wishes to seek approval)
66
# Accomodation Theory What is divergence?
Changing style of communication to emphasise and accentuate a difference/ distinctiveness from interlocuter
67
# Accomodation Theory What are common causes for divergence?
* Emphasise distinctiveness * Shape others' feelings * Show belonging * Influence others' speech

English Language (year 1)- Mrs Sayer (4 decks)

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