Language Change

Question 1

Language change

Answer 1

• is inevitable
• rarely systematic
  -occurs all the time
• words leaving, and entering

Question 2

What does language change reflect

Answer 2

social change

Question 3

Lexical change processes

Answer 3

• word loss
• word formation

Question 4

Word loss

Answer 4

• obsolescence
• archaism

Question 5

Obsolescence

Answer 5

gradual loss of lexical items from the lg

Question 6

Obsolescence example

Answer 6

mouldwarp

Question 7

Archaism

Answer 7

word that still has some current use but connotes old-fashioned lg

Question 8

Archaism examples

Answer 8

hark

Question 9

Word formation processes (lexical change)

Answer 9

• borrowings
• neologisms
• communisation

Question 10

Borrowings

Answer 10

process of adopting linguistic features from other lgs

Question 11

Does foreign words have more or less presitge than english words

Answer 11

more

Question 12

Borrowings examples

Answer 12

cappuccino (italian)

Question 13

Neologisms

Answer 13

creation of a newly coined word from scratch or from pre-existing words

Question 14

Neologism examples

Answer 14

selfie

Question 15

Commonisation

Answer 15

propor nouns (names) enter the lg as new words (common nouns)

Question 16

Commonisation examples

Answer 16

• bandaid

Question 17

what are semantic changes due to?

Answer 17

• social change and attitudes
• taboo and insults
• morphological misinterpretation
• prestige + status
• cultural importance

Question 18

Taboo meaning

Answer 18

socially sensitive topics e.g. race, gender

Question 19

denotation

Answer 19

literal meaning, codified

Question 20

Connotation

Answer 20

associated meaning

Question 21

Etymology

Answer 21

study of orign and history of words

Question 22

Denotation processes

Answer 22

• broadening
• narrowing
• shifting

Question 23

broadening

Answer 23

semantic boundaries of a word are widened

Question 24

Broadening example

Answer 24

barn - just for barley to all crops and animals

Question 25

narrowing

Answer 25

semantic boundaries of a word narrow

Question 26

Narrowing examples

Answer 26

starve - die of anything vs. to die of hunger

Question 27

Shifting

Answer 27

sematic boundaries of a word change completely

Question 28

Shifting examples

Answer 28

sad from mature and trustworthy to unhappy

Question 29

Connotation processes

Answer 29

- elevation - deterioration

Question 30

Elevation

Answer 30

connotations become more positive

Question 31

Elevation example

Answer 31

wicked from evil to excellent

Question 32

Deterioration

Answer 32

connotations become more negative

Question 33

Deterioration example

Answer 33

villain - villager to evil character

Question 34

Morphological change processes

Answer 34

- word formation processes - word addition

Question 35

Word formation processes (morphological change)

Answer 35

- abbreviations - shortening

Question 36

Abbreviations

Answer 36

- acronym - initialism

Question 37

Acronym def + eg

Answer 37

pronounceable as a word e.g. ANZAC

Question 38

Initialism def + eg

Answer 38

pronounced as a series of letters eg. RSPCA

Question 39

Shortening

Answer 39

dropping beginning/endings to create shorter form

Question 40

Shortening examples

Answer 40

gym (gymnasium) flu (influenza)

Question 41

Word addition

Answer 41

- compounding - affixation - backformation - blends - contractions - conversion

Question 42

compounding

Answer 42

combination of 2+ free morphemes to form new word

Question 43

Compounding examples

Answer 43

Bluetooth, timeframe

Question 44

Affixation

Answer 44

add affixes to a base word to create new word

Question 45

Affixation examples

Answer 45

submarine, proactive

Question 46

Backformation

Answer 46

opposite of affixation, remove what people believe are bound morphemes

Question 47

Backformation examples

Answer 47

addict (addiction) edit (editor)

Question 48

Blends

Answer 48

combination of two exisiting words where one+ are shortened in some way

Question 49

Blends examples

Answer 49

smoke + fog = smog skort

Question 50

Contractions

Answer 50

shortening and combining two words e.g. can't, don't

Question 51

Conversion

Answer 51

word changes word class

Question 52

Conversion examples

Answer 52

mail N -> V gift, N -> V