Language Levels Flashcards
1
Q
Context
A
External factors affecting text production/reception
2
Q
Discourse event
A
Act of communication at specific time & location w/ writers/speakers and readers/listeners
3
Q
Text producer
A
Person/people responsible (writing/speaking) for text creation
4
Q
Text receiver
A
Person/people interpreting (reading/listening) a text
5
Q
Multi-purpose text
A
Text with more than one clear purpose
6
Q
Primary purpose
A
Clear, main purpose of text
7
Q
Secondary purpose
A
Additional, subtler purpose
8
Q
Implied reader
A
Constructed image of idealised reader
9
Q
Actual reader
A
Any person/people engaging/interpreting a text
10
Q
Implied writer
A
Constructed image of idealised writer
11
Q
Actual writer
A
Actual people/person responsible for text production
12
Q
Discourse community
A
People w/ shared interests/belief systems, interpret texts in similar ways
13
Q
Mode
A
Physical mode of communication
14
Q
Oppositional view
A
Different modes are completely different
15
Q
Continuum
A
Sequence where elements close to each other are not noticeably different, but elements at opposite ends are completely different
16
Q
Blended-mode
A
Text containing elements of speech and writing
17
Q
Prototype model
A
Model looks at differences in texts as typical and less typical examples
18
Q
Genre
A
Texts grouped by shared conventions
19
Q
Intertextuality
A
Reference/borrowing of elements from other texts for specific purpose/effect
20
Q
Variation
A
Differences associated w/ particular instances of language use and between different groups of language users
21
Q
Register
A
Variety of language associated w/ particular situation of use
22
Q
Situation of use
A
Specific time, place and context that communication takes place
23
Q
Situational characteristic
A
Key characteristic of time, place and context where communication takes place
24
Q
Representation
A
Portrayal of events, people and circumstances through language & other meaning-making resources (images/sound) to create a way of seeing the world
25
Narrative
Writing/speech presents a series of events, characters and places in a coherent form
26
Narrator
Person responsible for writing/speaking a narrative
27
Narratee
Person to whom the narrative is told
28
Time frame
Positioning of a narrative in the past, present or future
29
Story
Building blocks of a narrative in terms of narrative, characters, time and place
30
Narrative discourse
Shaping of story through choices in language & structure
31
Central events
Main events crucial to overall story
32
Additional events
Secondary events are not crucial to overall story, being included are highlighted as important
33
Knowledge frame/Embodied knowledge
Mental store of knowledge about world gained through experience
34
Gap-filling
Adding sense of meaning to individual words/phrases based on own knowledge/understanding and context in which they appear
35
Tellability
Features of a story making it worth telling to an audience
36
High-tellability
Characteristics of narratives which present interesting material in a highly engaging way
37
Low-tellability
Characteristics of narratives which present uninteresting material in an uninteresting way
38
Word class
Group of words w/ same function in speech/writing
39
Noun
Name of thing/concept
40
Verb
Shows state of being, action
41
Adjective
Modifies a noun
42
Adverb
Modifies a verb, adjective or adverb
43
Pronoun
Replaces a noun, referring forwards or backwards to noun which it replaces
44
Determiner
Adds clarity or detail to a noun
45
Preposition
Connections between words, shows place/time
46
Conjunction
Connections between larger structures: phrases, clauses and sentences
47
Open/lexical word class
Word class open to new membership
48
Closed/grammatical word class
Word class not open to new membership
49
Proper noun
Names of people/places
50
Abstract noun
States, feelings, concepts w/ no physical existence
51
Concrete noun
Objects w/ physical existence
52
Material verb
Show actions/events (hit, jump)
53
Relational verb
Properties/states of being (appear, become)
54
Mental verb
Internal processes (think, wish)
55
Verbal verb
External processes of communication (scream, say)
56
Base adjective
Base form (big, small)
57
Comparative adjective
Comparison between 2 things (bigger, smaller)
58
Superlative adjective
Comparison between >2 things (biggest, smallest)
59
Personal pronouns
Refer to person, number and gender (I, you, she/he/it, they)
60
Demonstrative pronouns
Orientate the text receiver towards object/person/idea further away (this, these, that those)
61
Indefinite pronouns
Non-specific person/object/idea (someone, anybody, anything)
62
Article (Determiner)
Show definite/indefinite (the-definite, a/an-indefinite)
63
Possessive (Determiner)
Show ownership (my, your, their, our)
64
Quantifier (Determiner)
Specific/non-specific quantities of a noun (One, two - specific; some, any, few - non-specific)
65
Co-ordinating conjunction
Link equal phrases/clauses (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
66
Subordinating conjunction
Link dependent clauses (Because, although, while, whereas)
67
Semantic field
Group of words w/ same role in speech/writing (linked by theme, concept or domain of use)
68
Collocates
Words that go together
69
Binomial
Words that appear together in a specific order joined by a co-ordinating conjunction (rock and roll, fish and chips)
70
Fixed expression
Words that go together as a phrase and are not registered individually (see you later)
71
Synonym
Words w/ same meaning
72
Euphemism
More socially acceptable version
73
Dysphemism
Less socially acceptable version
74
Antonyms
Opposite meaning of word
75
Hyponymy
Structure of words from general -> specific
76
Metaphor
Presents one thing in terms of another (structure)
77
Morphology
Study of word formation
78
Syntax
Study of how words form longer structures such as phrases, clauses and sentences
79
Descriptive approach
Approach to language study that focuses on how language is ACTUALLY used
80
Prescriptive approach
Approach to language study that focuses on how language SHOULD be used
81
Root
Morpheme that can stand on its own and can usually form a word in its own right
82
Suffix
Morpheme AFTER a root word to modify meaning
83
Prefix
Morpheme BEFORE a root word to modify meaning
84
Affix
Overall term for addition to a root word to modify meaning
85
Infix
Affix inserted INSIDE a word to create a new word/modify meaning
86
Inflectional function
Affix that shows a grammatical category: verb tense or plural noun
87
Derivational function
Affix helps form a new word: changes meaning
88
Noun phrase
A noun and determiner, but also including a qualifier and pre-modifying adjective
89
Verb phrase
Containing a head verb and object, but forming a full phrase with subject, also counts as a sentence
90
Head word
Main word of the phrase
91
Pre-modifier
Word BEFORE the head word to add detail
92
Qualifier
Additional words/phrases to add detail to head word
93
Post-modifier
Additional words/phrases to add detail to head word
94
Primary auxiliary verb
Verb which joins with the head verb to show tense
95
Modal auxiliary verb
Verb which joins w/ head verb to show strength of commitment
96
Clause
Group of words around a verb phrase
97
Single clause sentence
Sentence with only one clause
98
Multiple-clause sentence
Sentence w/ 2 or more clauses
99
Subject
Person/thing which is doing or being whatever the verb shows, takes the form of a noun, pronoun or noun phrase
Occurs immediately BEFORE the verb it relates to
Is repeated in a tag question
Changes place with the auxiliary verb to form a question
100
Predicate
Describes subject in a sentence
101
Coordination
Joining of two clauses which makes them equal
102
Subordination
Joining of two clauses which makes one dependent on the other
103
Adverbial clause
Subordinate clause functioning as adverb
104
Noun clause
Subordinate clause functioning as subject
105
Active voice
Verb phrase in present/past tense, agent in subject position for emphasis
106
Passive voice
Agent omitted or placed later in clause using prepositional phrase
107
Minor sentence
Lacks one or more clause elements, intensify phrase similar to short simple sentences.
108
Simple sentence
Single-clause sentence. Shorter used to simplify, build tension, add drama and/or precision
109
Compound sentence
2+ simple sentences joined w/ co-ordinating conjunction, equal weighting and makes sense on its own, pronouns referring to earlier sentences does not take effect here.
110
Complex sentence
One main clause and 1+ subordinate clauses. More attention required for lesser subordinate clauses, serious, informative tone due to detail
111
Exclamatory sentence function
Ends with "!" and expresses shock, horror, surprise, joy, anger (emotions in writing)
112
Declarative sentence function
Declarations or statements, dominant sentence function and used to relate facts or opinions
113
Imperative sentence function
Usual to begin w/ verb, used to advise/warn/instruct
114
Interrogative sentence function
Reader and/or writer considering question posed. Shows confusion/inquisitiveness of a character. Used to make the reader stop, pause and consider so controls pace of reading
115
Asyndetic list
Listing w/o conjunctions. Emphasise point through cumulative effect, sense of urgency
116
Syndetic list
Listing w/ conjunctions. Convey abundance, emphasise point through cumulative effect
117
Parallelism
Phrases/sentences have similar structure/pattern. Rhythmic device for rhetoric to make phrases memorable. Sense of balance, wholeness
118
Ellipsis
Omission of part of sentence that can be understood from context, also avoids unnecessary repetition or create suspense
119
Foregrounding
Change in structure of sentence, place emphasis on opening sentence element, reader's attention directed to foregrounded phrase.
120
Phonetics
Study of ways sounds produced by language users
121
Phonology
Study of abstract sound system
122
Prosodics
Meaning created through intonation, speed and volume.
123
IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet
| Shows different sounds possible
124
Heterophones
Same spelling, different pronunciations/meanings
125
Homophones
Same pronunciations, different spelling/meaning
126
Articulators
Vocal organs above larynx including teeth, lips, tongue and hard palate, help form consonant sounds
127
Plosive
Complete closure of oral cavity
128
Fricative
Articulators positioned together but small space for air to escape
129
Affricate
Articulators come together, released like fricative
130
Nasal
Articulators stopping airflow with a release through the nose
131
Lateral
Articulators come together, air released over sides of tongue
132
Approximant
Articulators fully come together
133
Diphthong
Combination of two separate vowel sounds, moves from one to the other
134
Sound iconicity
Matching of sound to meaning
135
Consonance
Repeated consonant sounds for effect
136
Assonance
Repeated vowel sounds for effect
137
Sibilance
Repeated fricative sounds, especially s for effect
138
Lexical onomatopoeia
Words with associations between sound and meaning
139
Non-lexical onomatopoeia
Non-words signifying some meaning through their sounds
140
Phonological manipulation
Creative changes in sound patterns
141
Minimal pair
Two words that differ in only one sound "habit" and "hobbit"
142
Layout
Physical organisation of a text
143
Iconic
Sign/image which is direct representation
144
Symbolic
Sign/image which is NOT direct representation, shared knowledge required.
145
Typographical feature
Feature related to use of fonts in texts
146
Multimodal text
Uses different modes (visual, written, aural)
147
Embodied knowledge
Knowledge gained from EXPERIENCE of a concept/object
148
Schematic knowledge
Knowledge gained through READING/LEARNING about a concept/object
149
Co-text
Words which help reader to understand what is relevant about a concept/object
150
Maxim of quantity
Don’t say too little/too much
151
Maxim of quality
Tell the truth
152
Maxim of relevance
Keep on topic
153
Maxim of manner
Clear/unambiguous
154
Co-operative principle
Communication = co-operation
155
Conservational maxims
Explicit rules followed by conversationalists to easily understand each other
156
Implicature
Maxim potentially broken so inference needed to understand
157
Taciturn
Speaker says too little, reserved or uncommunicative speech
158
Prolix
Lengthy speech/writing too many words
159
Non-sequitir
Conclusion/statement does not logically follow on from previous statement/question
160
Positive face need
Need to be appreciated/valued
161
Negative face need
Need for independence
162
Face threatening act (FTA)
Act w/ potential to damage self-esteem (postive/negative face)
163
Politeness strategies
Avoiding threatening face
164
Deixis
Words related to specific context (place, time, person)
165
Person deixis
Names/personal pronouns
166
Temporal deixis
Time adverbs (today, yesterday, tomorrow)
167
Spatial deixis
Place adverbs (this, that, here, there)
168
Proximal deixis`
Related to objects close to the speaker
169
Distal deixis
Related to objects far away from the speaker
170
Deitic categories
Types of deitic expressions (spatial, temporal, personal)
171
Internal evaluation
Attitude expression occurring in the time frame of the narrative
172
External evaluation
Attitude expression occurring outside the time frame of the narrative
173
Turn-taking
Process of speakers co-constructing a conversation
174
Adjacency pair
Two turns in a conversation
175
Preferred response
2nd part of an adjacency pair that the first speaker wants to hear
176
Dispreferred response
2nd part of an adjacency pair that the first speaker doesn't want to hear
177
Insertion sequence
An additional sequence within an adjacency pair
178
Exchange structure
Sequence of turns between speakers
179
Transition relevance place
Natural place that another speaker begins speaking
180
Constraint
Effect of a more powerful speaker over another
181
Abstract (Labov)
Indication a speaker wants to start a conversation
182
Orientation (Labov)
Who, what, where and why of a situation - sets scene, important info according to speaker
183
Complicating action (Labov)
Main body of narrative
184
Resolution (Labov)
Ending of narrative - closure
185
Coda
Signal end of narrative
186
Story preface (Goodwin)
Abstract (Labov)
187
Story solicit (Goodwin)
Encouragement of another speaker for first speaker to continue
188
Preliminary (Goodwin)
Orientation (Labov)
189
Story body (Goodwin)
Complicating action (Labov)
190
Story climax (Goodwin)
Resolution (Labov)
191
Story appreciation
Sounds of response from audience (laughter, agreement, questions, emotional displays)
192
Parenthesis
Additional background info
193
Filler
Non-verbal sound - uncertainty
194
False start
Speaker starts, stops and starts again
195
Repair
Speaker changes something they've said before
196
Skip-connector
Return to previous topic in conversation
197
Speaker support
Story appreciation (Goodwin) but only non-verbal sounds.
