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A Level English Language - Year 12 > Language Levels > Flashcards

Language Levels Flashcards

1
Q

What is Deixis?

A

Pointing to something within a text

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2
Q

What is a personal pronoun?

A

refers to a particular person, group, or thing (I, You, He, She, it, etc.)​

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3
Q

What is a Possessive Pronoun?

A

takes the place of a noun to show ownership (mine, yours, etc.)​

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4
Q

What is a Reflexive Pronoun?

A

used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same (myself, yourself, etc.)

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5
Q

What is a Demonstrative Pronoun?

A

use to talk about something specific (These, Those, This, That)

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6
Q

What is a Relative Pronoun?

A

pronouns used to introduce a relative clause (who, that, which)

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7
Q

What is intertextuality?

A

When a text makes reference to another existing text for effect

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8
Q

What is a determiner?

A

A word that comes before a noun or noun phrase to clarify if the noun is specific or general.

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9
Q

What is the definite article?

A

The

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10
Q

What is the indefinite article?

A

A/an

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11
Q

What is a quantifier?

A

A word to give information about the quantity of a noun

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12
Q

What is a preposition?

A

Words which show the location of a noun

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13
Q

What is a co-ordinating conjunction?

A

A linking word which connects independent clauses or phrases, giving equal importance to each section

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14
Q

What is a subordinating conjunction?

A

A linking word which connects an independent clause with a subordinate clause

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15
Q

What is an abstract noun?

A

The lexis which refers to states, feelings and concepts that do not have a physical existence

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16
Q

What is a concrete noun?

A

The lexis which refers to things with a physical existence

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17
Q

What is a verbal verb?

A

The lexis which is linked to the process of making sounds

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18
Q

What is a material verb?

A

The lexis which refers to a physical action

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19
Q

What is a mental verb?

A

The lexis which shows internal processes e.g. thinking

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20
Q

What is a relational verb?

A

The lexis which describes states of being e.g. be, appear, seem

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21
Q

What is a dynamic verb?

A

The lexis which describes actions we can take, or things that happen; they have a continuous form (Chis is kicking the ball)

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22
Q

What is a stative verb?

A

The lexis which describes states/conditions unlikely to change (possession, feeling, perception, mental processes, identity); typically, they do not have a continuous form (Chris is having a car)

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23
Q

What is an attributive adjective?

A

Adjectives placed before the head noun e.g. the dangerous animal

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24
Q

What is a predicative adjective?

A

Adjectives placed after the head noun e.g. the day was good

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25
Q

What is a superlative adjective?

A

Adjectives that express the highest quality of something

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26
Q

What is a comparative adjective?

A

An adjective that makes a comparison between two things

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27
Q

What is amelioration?

A

A process where a word or phrase develops more positive connotations

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28
Q

What is pejoration?

A

A process where a word or phrase develops more negative connotations

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29
Q

What is archaic language?

A

Old fashioned language which isn’t typically used any more

30
Q

What is broadening?

A

A type of semantic change where the meaning of a word becomes broader or more inclusive

31
Q

What is narrowing?

A

A type of semantic change where the meaning of a word becomes narrower or less inclusive

32
Q

What is a neologism?

A

New words that enter the language

33
Q

What is an Acronym?

A

An abbreviation consisting of initial letters which then create a new word

34
Q

What is an initialism?

A

An abbreviation consisting of initial letters pronounced separately

35
Q

What is an eponym?

A

A person after whom a discovery, invention, place, book, etc., is named

36
Q

What is a compound word?

A

A word which is caused by two or more full words being joined together

37
Q

What is a blend word?

A

Where two or more words are joined together but parts are omitted E.g. Skort

38
Q

What is Truncation?

A

Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables e.g. Deli (delicatessen)

39
Q

What is affixation?

A

When an affix is added to create a new word

40
Q

What is denotation?

A

The literal meanings of words

41
Q

What is an antonym?

A

Words which mean opposite things

42
Q

What is a synonym?

A

Words which mean the same thing

43
Q

What is a collocation?

A

Routinely placing words or phrases together (it sounds natural to a native speaker) e.g. Home and Dry

44
Q

What is an idiom?

A

An expression where the meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements

45
Q

What is a Euphemism?

A

Using a more socially acceptable word or phrase

46
Q

What is a Dysphemism?

A

Using a blunt or direct word instead of a more polite or indirect alternative

47
Q

What is Anaphora?

A

The deliberate repetition of the first part of a clause/sentence

48
Q

What is Epistrophe?

A

The deliberate repetition of the last part of a clause/sentence

49
Q

What is Morphology?

A

The smallest unit of language – this could be a root word or a collection of letters

50
Q

What is an inflectional morpheme?

A

A type of suffix which shows either plurality or verb tense

51
Q

What is a derivational morpheme?

A

A type of affix which changes the meaning of the root word

52
Q

What is a Noun Phrase?

A

A noun with adjectives and/or determiner

53
Q

What is a Verb Phrase?

A

A verb with an auxiliary or modal verb

54
Q

What is an Adverbial?

A

A phrase which adds further information to the verb, typically specifying place or time

55
Q

What is a Fronted Adverbial?

A

An adverbial phrase which has been moved to the front of the sentence and is usually separated from the main clause with a comma E.g. All night long, we danced.

56
Q

What is an Auxiliary Verb?

A

A verb which precedes the main verb to form part of a verb phrase – they can be categorised as primary and modal E.g. Have, Might

57
Q

What is a Modal Auxiliary Verb?

A

A verb which shows degrees of certainty, desirability obligation – they cannot occur alone

58
Q

What is Deontic Modality?

A

Expressions that highlight a sense of obligation or necessity

59
Q

What is Epistemic Modality?

A

Expressions that highlight degrees of possibility

60
Q

What is Boulomaic Modality?

A

Expressions that highlight wishes and desires

61
Q

What is the Perfect Aspect?

A

An inflection of a verb which shows the action is completed – shown through have + past participle

62
Q

What is the Progressive Aspect?

A

An inflection of a verb which shows the action is ongoing or habitual – shown through be + -ing

63
Q

What is a Subordinate Clause?

A

A clause which is not complete by itself and as such, cannot form an independent sentence

64
Q

What is a Conditional Clause?

A

A specific type of subordinate clause which express an imagined situation or condition and the possible result of that situation – it is usually introduced with either if or unless

65
Q

What is a Relative Clause?

A

A specific type of subordinate clause which adds more information to the noun and is usually introduced with a relative pronoun

66
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A

Exploring how contextual factors such as background knowledge influence meaning

67
Q

What is a Tag Question?

A

A short question added at the end of a sentence, often inviting agreement with the speaker. Sometimes seen to be used as seeking reassurance

68
Q

What is Hedging?

A

A word or phrase that makes a statement less forceful or assertive.

69
Q

What is a Schema?

A

The bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event

70
Q

What is Presupposition?

A

Any information which is taken for granted within discourse

A Level English Language - Year 12 (4 decks)

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