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psychology paper 2 > Language, thought and communication > Flashcards

Language, thought and communication Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis summary

A

the language a person speaks has a great influence on the way they think and percieve

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2
Q

postural echo

A

mirroring body position in a social setting

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3
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

we learn through developing schemas
language depends on though-thought and understanding first, then language

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4
Q

Piaget used stages within his theory - what happened at the sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years , children start to speak

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5
Q

pre operational stage

A

2-7 years , talk about things not present

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6
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years , children develop their own ideas

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7
Q

formal operational stage

A

11+ , talk about abstract concepts

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8
Q

evaluate piaget’s theory

A

+ supporting evidence

  • contradicting evidence = sapir whorf hypothesis
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9
Q

sapir whorf hypothesis

A

not possible to think about something you do not have words for
thinking depends on language
strong version - no words for an object - cannot think about it
weak version - words help ‘carve up’ the world = you can still imagine things even with no words for them

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10
Q

evaluate the sapir whorf hypothesis

A
  • assumes things that re not actually true = little difference between the number of words for snow that inuits and english have

+ research to support = studies on the recognition of colours

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11
Q

variation in the recall of events

A

hopi - don’t distinguish past, present and future which affects the way they think about time

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12
Q

language affects recall of events

A

memory for pictures is affected by the labels given

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13
Q

evaluate our view on the world

A

limited sample - only 1 individual from the hopi were studied
ambiguous materials - study not reflective of everyday life

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14
Q

recognition of colours

A

the zuni only have one word for shades of orange and yellow and in a study, they had difficulty distinguishing them

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15
Q

language affects recall of colours

A

berinmo people had difficulty recalling colours as they only have 5 words for colours

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16
Q

evaluate colour and language

A
  • difficulties with cross cultural understanding
  • opposite results between tribes
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17
Q

bee study - aim

A

to describe the movement of bees to understand their communication

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18
Q

bee study - method

A

put food close to glass hive, and far away
observed the bees by marking them with a sport of paint

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19
Q

bee study - results

A

round dance = 100 m away

waggle dance = points direction of food far away

60% of bees went to food sources

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20
Q

evaluate bee study

A

+ scientific value

  • unnatural behaviours due to glass hive and paint and food

+ replicated and similar results obtained

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21
Q

survival

A

vocal sounds from vervet monkeys
visual signs from rabbits who lift tail and pin ears back

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22
Q

reproduction

A

peacocks stretch out their feathers like an umbrella to communicate genetic fitness

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23
Q

territory

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A

rhinos leave piles of dung to communicate territorial boundaries

24
Q

food

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A

ants leave a pheromone trail to communicate location of food source

25
humans can plan ahead and discuss future events
humans can discuss things not presents animals are focussed on present eg. food
26
creativity
humans have an open system combining many words together animals have a closed system
27
single vs multiple channels
human language expressed many ways - spoken, written etc
28
eye contact - regulate flow
participants look away when about to speak and have a prolonged gaze when about to finish
29
eye contact - attraction
people who use eye contact are judged as more attractive
30
eye contact - expressing emotion
participants judged emotions as more intense of the had a direct gaze
31
evaluate eye contact
+ real world application = helps people with autism - artificial studies = lack validity as studying eye contact is not normal
32
evaluate body language
+ real world application = people can use body language to build good relationships - unethical as they do not know they are being studied
33
cultural difference for personal space
english peoples personal space is greater than arabs
34
personal space - gender differences
women feel comfortable when personal space is invaded from the side for men it is the front
35
personal space - status
people with similar status stand closer
36
evaluate personal space
+ real world application - useful in everyday situations - unrepresentative samples
37
darwin - non verbal behaviour
baring teeth is adaptive
38
comparisons with human behaviour
our distant ancestors opened eyes wider to find a route to safety. this has been passed down and is an element of surprise
39
serviceable habits
behaviours used by ancestors to promote survival still used by not the same purpose
40
darwins theory evaluation
+ research into newborns = babies are born with the ability to use eye contact and smile which suggests these nvcs are innate and evolved - cultural differences in nvcs = differences between cultures such as personal space means his theory cannot explain all nvc
41
evidence that Non verbal communication is innate
neonate research social releasers facial expressions sensory deprived
42
neonate research
if nvcs displayed by new born babies, this suggests that the behaviour is innate
43
social releasers
certain neonate behaviours eg smiling, makes others want to provide care, therefore are adaptive
44
facial expressions
neonates display an expression of disgust when given sour tastes suggesting it is innate
45
sensory deprived
thompson found blind children show similar facial expressions to sighted child - suggesting nvcs are innate
46
evidence that nvc is learned
cross cultural research contact vs non contact cultures gestures explaining cultural differences
47
cross cultural research
comparing behaviours from different cultures shows if they are learned
48
contact vs non contact cultures
contact countries - latin prefer smaller personal space non contact cultures - uk and usa prefer larger space
49
gestures
pointing index finger is offensive in hindu culture
50
explaining cultural differences
social learning theory - observe other people in your culture and imitate ( people learn what gestures are ok )
51
yukis study
comparing cultural understanding of non verbal behaviours can show whether it is universal or learned
52
comparing cultural understanding of non verbal behaviours can show whether it is universal or learned
to find out if there is a difference in the interpretation of emotions in japan and america
53
yukis study - method
6 emoticons shown with different combinations of eyes and mouths participants rated faces in terms of happiness expressed on a 9 point rating scale
54
yukis study - results
japanese - higher happiness rating for happy eyes than americans americans - higher happiness rating when mouths were happy even with sad eyes
55
Yukis study - conclusion
cultural differences in the way emotion is interpreted in facial expressions, japanese may use eyes because cultural norms lead to hiding emotions but hard to control the expression from the eyes
56
yukis study - evaluation
- artificial materials = emoticons leave out features such as wrinkle lines which may be important when judging emotions - only tested one emotion = in everyday life, faces express a range of emotions not just happy and sad

psychology paper 2 (4 decks)

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