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psychology paper 2 > social influence > Flashcards

social influence Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

conformity?

A

a person’s behaviour or thinking changes to due group pressure

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2
Q

dispositional factors?

A

explanations of behaviour in terms of an individual personality, character or temperament

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3
Q

locus of control?

A

the sense we have about what directs our life

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4
Q

what does it mean to have an internal locus of control?

A

they are responsible

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5
Q

what does it mean to have an external locus of control?

A

life is a matter of luck

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6
Q

social factors?

A

explanations in terms of the social world around you

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7
Q

examples of social factors?

A

friends, family, school, sports teams

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8
Q

obedience?

A

a social influence that causes a person to act in response to a direct order from a figure with authority

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9
Q

agency theory?

A

explains obedience in terms of whether an individual is making their own free choice or acting as an agent for an authority figure

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10
Q

agentic state?

A

mental state where we feel no responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting for an authority figure

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11
Q

autonomous state?

A

being aware of the consequences of own actions and therefore taking voluntary control of behaviour

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12
Q

authority?

A

the power or right to give orders and expect obedience

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13
Q

culture?

A

the beliefs and expectations that surround us
we are not conscious of this though it influences us greatly

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14
Q

authoritarian personality?

A

a person who is especially susceptible to obeying people in authority

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15
Q

cognitive style?

A

the way a person thinks about the world

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16
Q

displacement/displace?

A

a form of ego defence mechanism, where an individual unconsciously redirects a threatening emotion from the person or thing that has caused it onto a third party.

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17
Q

bystander effect?

A

the presence of others reduces the likelihood that help will be offered in an emergency

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18
Q

prosocial behaviour?

A

a behaviour beneficial to others that may not always benefit the helper

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19
Q

anti social behaviour?

A

harmful behaviour, causing distress to others

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20
Q

collective behaviour?

A

the actions that happen when part of a group

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21
Q

crowd?

A

a large group of people with a temporary focus

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22
Q

deindividuation?

A

when you lose your personal identity and take on the identity of the group surrounding them

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23
Q

social loafing?

A

individuals make a reduced effort when part of a group compared to when they are on their own

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24
Q

Asch’s study - aim

A

to investigate group pressure in an unambiguous situation

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25
Asch's study - method
123 american men 2 cards - one containing the standard line, one containing 3 comparison lines 12 critical trials, where the confederates gave the wrong answer
26
Asch's study - results
on critical trials, the participant gave the wrong answer 1/3 of the time 25% never gave a wrong answer
27
Asch's study - conclusion
people are influenced by group pressure - though many can resist
28
Asch's study - evaluation
- child of the time = only reflective of conformity in 1950s america, much less in the uk (empirical evidence found only 1 conformed out of 396 trials) - artificial task = judging lines was trivial and situation involved strangers, not reflecting everyday situation
29
factors affecting conformity
group size anonymity task difficulty dispositional factors expertise
30
how does group size affect conformity?
2 confederates = 13.6% conformity 3 confederates = 31.8% conformity
31
how does anonymity affect conformity?
writing an answer down is anonymous and lowers conformity
32
how does task difficulty affect conformity?
if comparison lines are more similar to the standard line, this makes the task harder, so conformity increases
33
how does personality (dispositional factor) affect conformity?
the higher your internal locus of control, the less likely you are to conform
34
how does expertise (dispositional factor) affect conformity?
more knowledgeable, you conform less. Lucas found experts in maths are less likely to conform to other's answers on a maths problem
35
Milgram's study - aim
to investigate if germans are different in terms of obedience
36
Milgram's study - method
40 male volunteers 'teacher' instructed by experimenter to give a shock if 'learner' answered a question incorrectly
37
Milgram's study - results
no participant stopped below 300 V 65% shocked to fatal Extreme tension show e.g. 3 had seizures
38
Milgram's study - conclusion
obedience related to social factors not disposition
39
Milgram's study - evaluation
- ethical issues = participants distress, psychological harm, such research brings psychology into disrepute + supported by other research = sheridan and king found that 100% of females followed orders to give a fatal shock to a puppy
40
Factors affecting obedience
agency authority culture proximity
41
how does agency affect obedience?
agentic state - follow orders with no responsibility autonomous - free choice
42
how does authority affect obedience?
agentic shift- move from making own free choices to following orders
43
how does culture (the social hierarchy) affect obedience?
Some people have more authority than others, affecting how much you obey them
44
how does proximity affect obedience?
participants were less obedient in milgram's study when they were in the same room as the learners, increasing moral strain
45
evaluate milgram's agency theory - factors affecting obedience
+ research support = blass and schmidt showed students a film of milgram's study, where they blamed the experimenter - doesn't explain all findings - obedience alibi = agency theory offers an excuse for bad behaviour, potentially dangerous
46
Adorno's theory components
scapegoating originates in childhood cognitive style authoritarian personality
47
the authoritarian personality
some people have a strong respect for authority and look down on people of lower status
48
an authoritarian personality includes cognitive style - what is that
those with an authoritarian personality have rigid stereotypes and don't like change
49
adorno's theory - originates in childhood
strict parents who only show love if behaviour is correct means that these values are internalised into the child
50
adorno's theory - scapegoating
hostility felt towards parents for being critical is put onto people who are socially inferior
51
evaluate adorno's theory
- lack of support = authoritarian personality is based on the F scale which has response bias - social AND dispositional factors = germans were obedient but did not all have the same upbringing, social factors are involved
52
Piliavin's study - aim
to investigate if characteristics of a victim affect help given in an emergency
53
Piliavin's study - method
male confederate collapsed on subway - 103 trials, victim either appeared drunk or disabled (cane)
54
Piliavin's study - results
disabled victim given help 95% of the time compared to 50% help when drunk. Help was likely in crowded and empty carriages
55
Piliavin's study -conclusion
characteristics of a victim affect help given. number of onlookers does not affect help in a natural setting
56
evaluate Piliavin's study
+ high realism - participants didn't know their behaviour was being studied, so acted naturally + qualitative data = observers noted remarks from passengers, giving deeper insights into why they helped
57
social factors
presence of others cost of helping
58
presence of others
the more people present, the less likely we are to help someone. Latane and Darley found that 80% on own with person with seizure helped, compared to only 31% in a group of four
59
cost of helping
includes danger to self or embarrassment also costs of not helping such as guilt or blame
60
dispositional factors
similarity to victim expertise
61
similarity to victim
help is more likely if the victim is similar to self
62
expertise
people with specialist skills are more likely to help in emergencies
63
deindividuation
losing your sense of identity and taking on that of the group around you
64
zimbardo's study - aim
to study the effects if loss on individual identity
65
zimbardo's study - method
female participants told to deliver fake electric shocks . individuated group wore normal clothes deindividuated group wore a large coat with a hood
66
zimbardo's study - results
deindividuated more likely to shock a person, and held down shock button twice as long
67
zimbardo's study - conclusion
being anonymous created aggression
68
zimbardo's study - evaluation
- can't generalise + real world application = manage sporting crowds using video cameras to increase self awareness
69
Reicher study - aim
to investigate crowd behaviour to see if it was ruly or unruly
70
Reicher study - method
studied news papers and Tv reports interviewed 20 people, 6 in depth
71
Reicher study - results
riot triggered by police raiding a cafe which left the community feeling unjust. the crowd threw bricks, burnt police cars, but calmed as the police left
72
Reicher study - conclusion
damage was rule-driven and targeted at police, reflecting the social attitude in the area
73
Reicher study - evaluation
+supported by research = football hooligans' violence doesn't escalate beyond a certain point + real world application = increasing police presence doesn't always lead to a decrease in violence

psychology paper 2 (4 decks)

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