LanSummL8 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
*** To add a noun (classify it) to the last named subject
Mike is talking to ____________ , ____________
A
Mike is talking to Colin Murphy, an investment banker.
2
Q
merger
A
a combination of two things, especially companies, into one.
3
Q
*** The subject introduces himself
Subject: Subject name/noun. Nice to meet you.
A
COLIN: Colin Murphy. Nice to meet you.
4
Q
*** “brief” word meaning
Carmen briefed me yesterday on your decision to sell your company
A
adjective 1 of short duration
noun 1 a concise statement or summary
verb 1 instruct or inform (someone) thoroughly, especially in preparation for a task
5
Q
*** “fill me” meaning
why don’t you fill me in on the details?
A
verb
1 cause (a space or container) to become full or almost full
2 become an overwhelming presence in; pervade.
3 appoint a person to hold (a vacant post).
6
Q
[subject] [verb in past tense] me that because your [describe his capabilities], you’ll be able to [an required action in the future]
A
Carmen Gomez told me that because your firm specializes in mergers and acquisitions, you’ll be able to help us find a qualified buyer for our company.
7
Q
Subject: Hello, I’m [name], [name of the company].
** the subject introduces himself
** after that, the subject might add a short speech
A
MIKE: Hello, I’m Mike Davis, Accelerated English.
8
Q
answer to the person that has just introduced himself
A
Me: Noe Mazahua. Nice to meet you.
9
Q
the long-term growth picture
*** meaning of “picture” word
A
noun
1 a painting or drawing. “draw a picture of”
10
Q
come to a major crossroads.
*** meaning of “crossroad” word
A
an intersection of two or more roads.
11
Q
Would you mind elaborating?
*** meaning of “elaborating” word
A
verb
1 develop or present (a theory, policy, or system) in detail.
But also, might be used as:
adjective
1 involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planning.
12
Q
I’d be
A
Meaning: Estaría
Short way to say: I would be
13
Q
we’ve
A
Meaning: Hemos
Short way to say: We have
14
Q
Experience is something we consider a must.
*** meaning of “a must” expression
A
meaning: essential or fundamental
15
Q
a great deal of experience
*** meaning of the expression “great deal”
A
noun
3 a significant but unspecified amount of something.
but also used as:
verb
1 distribute (cards) in an orderly rotation to players for a game or round.
noun
1 an agreement entered into by two or more parties for their mutual benefit, especially in a business or political context.
16
Q
As a matter of fact
***meaning og
A
meaning: “de hecho” / “en realidad”
17
Q
like a reasonable approach.
*** meaning of
A
noun
1 a way of dealing with something.
verb
2 speak to (someone) for the first time about something, typically with a proposal or request.
18
Q
I’ll be [verb in gerund]+[specific action] soon.
A
I’ll be giving you a call soon.
19
Q
I look forward to [verb in gerund] + [action almost imminent]
A
I look forward to doing business together
“espero hagamos negocios juntos”
20
Q
beat around the bush
A
speak indirectly about something because it is a difficult, sensitive, or uncomfortable matter.
21
Q
on the line (adjective phrase) = on the line
A
at risk
If he makes the wrong decision, he could put his job on the line.
22
Q
strike
A
strike verb (STOP WORK)
to refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working conditions, pay levels, or job cuts:
“We’re striking for better pay and improved safety standards.”
strike verb (CAUSE SUFFERING)
to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly:
“I have a life insurance policy that will take care of my family if disaster strikes”
strike verb (HIT)
to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently:
“Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle.”
strike verb (REMOVE)
to remove something officially from a document:
“Please strike my name from your mailing list immediately.”
strike verb (DISCOVER)
to discover a supply of oil, gas, or gold underground:
strike verb (AGREE)
to reach or make an agreement:
“Do you think the government should try to strike a deal with the terrorists?”
strike verb (FEEL/THINK)
to cause someone to have a feeling or idea about something:
“Doesn’t it strike you as odd that he never talks about his family?”
strike verb (MOVE BODY)
to move your body into a particular position:
“She may be 67, but she can still strike a sexy pose.”
strike verb (MAKE COINS)
to make a metal disk-shaped object such as a coin with a machine that quickly presses a picture into a piece of metal:
“When was the first one-dollar coin struck?”
strike verb (TENT)
to take down a tent or a number of tents:
“When the troops had exhausted food and firewood, they struck their tents and moved on.”
23
Q
worked up
US /ˌwɝːkt ˈʌp/
A
adjective [ after verb ]
upset or very excited about something:
“It’s easy to get worked up when you’re tired and everything seems to be against you.”
24
Q
“Seniority” (noun)
US /ˌwɝːkt ˈʌp
A
is the rank an employee has in a company based on the length of time he or she has worked there. “Seniority” is an uncountable noun. Another form is “senior” (adjective).
25
"Get carried away" (verb phrase)
means to become too excited or emotional about something. When people get carried away, they are so excited by what they're doing that their actions go beyond what is normal.
26
"Stand by" (phrasal verb)
means to support or defend someone or something. "Stand by" is used with an object.
27
"Go overboard" (verb phrase)
means to do something with too much enthusiasm or to an extreme degree.
"Go overboard" is similar to "get carried away."
28
yell
verb [ I or T ]
to shout something or make a loud noise, usually when you are angry, in pain, or excited:
"The child yelled out in pain."
noun [ C usually singular ]
a loud shout, usually when you are angry, in pain, or excited:
"Suddenly there was a loud yell from the bathroom."
verb [ I/T ]
to shout words or make a loud noise, often when you want to get someone’s attention or because you are angry, excited, or in pain:
"Snyder heard a woman yell for help."
29
Reported speech
Used to tell or report to someone what another person said.
The words "say" and "tell" are often used to introduce reported speech.
"said" is followed by ("that") + S + V, but
"told" is followed by a noun or a pronoun + ("that") + S + V.
"That" is optional in both cases.
When the reported speech is introduced by a verb in the past tense ("said," "told"), verbs in the present tense change to past tense.
Example: I wan to run the company
>Chuck said he wanted to grow the company
>Chuck told me he wanted to grow the company
Verbs in the simple past can change to the past perfect in reported speech.
However, these verbs often don't change in spoken English.
MODALS change
Some modals change when the reported speech is introduced in the past tense.
Modal Changes:
from / To
Can / could
May / might
Must / had to
Will / would
*** could,Would,should,ought to, remaing the same
Example:I´ll lead the meeting
> Mathew told me he would lead the meeting
PRONOUNS Change
Pronouns also often change with reported speech.
I / he,she
me / him,her
my / his,her
mine / his,hers
we / they
us / them
our / their
ours / theirs
First person pronouns usually change to third person pronouns.
If the speaker is reporting what he or she said, "I" doesn't change.
Second person pronouns usually change to first person pronouns
if you are reporting what someone said to you or to a group that includes you.
More examples:
Carmen: "It's hard to concentrate on my work with so many interruptions."
> Carmen said that it was hard to concentrate on her work with so many interruptions.
Colin: "I'm ready to set up an appointment to discuss financial details."
> Colin said that he was ready to set up an appointment to discuss financial details.
Anita: "My brother is thinking about how to protect the employees."
>Anita said that her brother was thinking about how to protect the employees.
4. Beckett: "I have several ideas in mind for Accelerated English."
Beckett said he had that several ideas in mind for Accelerated English.
5. Amy: "I don't like the rumors going around the office."
Amy said that she didn't like the rumors going around the office.
Jeremy: "You're getting worked up about nothing."
Jeremy said that I was getting worked up about nothing.
Amy: "All of our jobs will be on the line."
Amy said that all of their jobs would be on the line.
Amy: "Jeremy, we may be completely taken over by another company."
Amy told Jeremy that they might be completely taken over by another company.
30
Introducing a Possible Situation
What if + S + V ?
What if they offer you a six-week vacation?
Imagine if + S + V
Imagine if they asked you to travel to exciting places.
31
Suggesting a Possible Solution or Idea
What about + V-ing ?
What about expanding the advertising campaign?
32
go over
phrasal verb with go verb
(BE RECEIVED)
US
(UK go down)
to be received in a particular way:
The presentation went over well.
go over something
phrasal verb with go verb
(EXAMINE)
to examine or look at something in a careful or detailed way:
Forensic scientists are going over the victim's apartment in a search for clues about the murderer.
(STUDY)
to study or explain something:
I always go over my notes just before I go into an exam.
33
address
verb [ T ]
address verb [T] (SPEAK TO)
to speak or write to someone:
He addressed a few introductory remarks to the audience.
He likes to be addressed as "Sir" or "Mr. Partridge."
address verb [T] (DEAL WITH)
to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem:
The issue of funding has yet to be addressed.
address verb [T] (WRITE DETAILS)
to write a name or address on an envelope or package:
The package was wrongly addressed.
34
figure out
figure something/someone out
phrasal verb with figure verb
informal
to finally understand something or someone, or find the solution to a problem after a lot of thought:
I can't figure out why he did it.
figure out someone/something
phrasal verb with figure verb [ I/T ]
to understand someone or something, or to find the answer to something by thinking:
"I’ve never been able to figure her out."
35
stumbling block
noun
something that prevents action or agreement:
"Lack of willingness to compromise on both sides is the main/major stumbling block to reaching a settlement."
noun
a difficulty that prevents progress, understanding, or agreement:
"Several major stumbling blocks must be resolved."
36
run into
to meet someone you know when you are not expecting to:
I ran into my boss at the supermarket.
to experience problems:
run into trouble/difficulty/problems
to reach a particular cost or amount, as a total:
The repairs will probably run into thousands of pounds.
37
go out
to leave a room or building, especially in order to do something for entertainment:
Please close the door as you go out.
to have a romantic and usually sexual relationship with someone:
How long have you been going out with him?
38
rest assured
If you tell someone that they can rest assured about something, you mean that they can feel confident that it is true or that it will happen:
You can rest assured that I will be there as promised.
39
seek someone/something out
to look for someone or something, especially for a long time until you find him, her, or it:
While he was at the library, Steve decided to seek out some information on the history of the area.
40
sake
in order to help or bring advantage to someone:
Please do it, for David's sake.
because of, or for the purpose of something:
Let's not disagree for the sake of (= because of) a few dollars.
used to emphasize requests or orders when you are angry or have lost patience:
For goodness' sake don't let her know I told you!
41
remain
to stay in the same place or in the same condition:
The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days.
to continue to exist when other parts or other things no longer exist:
After the flood, nothing remained of the village.
42
leave verb (REMAIN)
If something leaves something else, a part or effect of it stays after it has gone or been used:
His shoes left muddy marks on the floor.
[ + two objects ] If I give you $50 that won't leave me enough cash to pay the bill.
If you leave something in a particular condition, you do not touch it, move it, or act to change it in any way, so that it stays in the same condition:
Leave that chair where it is.
If you leave something or someone doing something, he, she, or it is still doing it when you go away:
I left the children watching television.
He left the engine running.
43
continuity (noun) = continuity
[uncountable]
the quality of staying the same for a period of time, even when other things change
Let's make sure the new accountant maintains continuity in our payroll process.
continue (verb)
continuous (adjective)
44
specifics (noun) = specifics
[always plural]
details about or particular qualities of something
It's common to discuss specifics, such as salary and benefits, at a second job interview.
specific (adjective)
45
stumbling block (noun phrase) = stumbling block
[countable]
a problem that makes it difficult to continue a process or achieve a goal
Let's figure out what stumbling blocks we might run into in the negotiation.
46
track record (noun phrase) = track record
[always singular]
a performance history that shows successes and failures of someone or something.
When we make acquisitions, we only seek out companies that have an impressive track record.
47
be pressed for (something) (verb phrase) = be pressed for (something)
to not have enough of something
I'm a little pressed for time.
48
put (something) in writing (verb phrase) = put (something) in writing
to make something official by putting it in a document
The offer isn't official until they put it in writing.
49
rest assured (expression) = rest assured
used to tell someone that something is true and there's no need to worry
There is no fog at Heathrow Airport, so you can rest assured that we will land in London on time.
50
for the sake of (someone or something)/for (someone's or something's) sake (preposition phrase) = for the sake of (someone or something)/for (someone's or something's) sake
in order to improve, promote, or benefit someone or something
For the sake of fairness, everyone should be involved in the negotiations.
51
question-word clause
a noun clause that can be either the subject or the object of the verb in a sentence. A "question-word" clause is introduced by one of these words: who, what, when, where, why, how.
What he said at the meeting (question-word clause = S) surprised (V) everyone. (O)
I (S) don't know (V) where the meeting is. (question-word clause = O)
What/who as the subject of the clause: What/who + V
I don't know what (question word) is happening.
A "question-word" clause is a type of noun clause. A noun clause contains a subject and a verb and functions as a singular noun in a sentence.
The "question-word" clause can be the subject or the object of the verb.
These words are often used to begin "question-word" clauses. A "question-word" clause usually has the following form: question word + subject + verb.
When [question words] are used to form questions, the auxiliary verbs "do," "does," and "did" often come directly after the question word.
When [question words] are used to form "question-word" clauses, these auxiliary verbs do not follow the question words.
"What" or "who" can be the subject of a question-word clause.
When "what" or "who" is the subject of the question-word clause, the following form is used:
"what/who" + V.
52
INTRODUCING POINTS OF DISCUSSION
To Introduce Visual Information
"Let's take a look at + noun phrase or question word clause"
"Let's take a look at the sales data from last quarter."
To Introduce a Topic or an Idea
"Let's consider + noun phrase or question word clause"
"Let's consider what the bank said about financing."
To Focus on Details or Look Closely at Something
(Let's go over/Let's analyze/Let's evaluate) noun phrase or question word clause
"Let's go over our three main options."
"Let's evaluate how our product is selling."
To Ask Others to Help You Think about Something Until You Understand It
Let's figure out + noun phrase or question word clause
Let's figure + pronoun + out
"Let's figure out our expenses for the business trip tomorrow."
"Let's figure that out soon."
To Remind Others of a Point or an Idea
(Let's not forget / Let's not overlook) + noun phrase, question word clause, or that + S + V
53
proceed
verb
to continue as planned:
His lawyers have decided not to proceed with the case.
to do something after you have done something else:
She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her skiing holiday.
formal
to move forward or travel in a particular direction:
Passengers for Madrid should proceed to gate 26 for boarding.
54
proposal
noun [ C ]
a suggestion, sometimes a written one:
Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the President.
55
outstanding share (noun phrase) = outstanding share
a unit of a corporation's stock that has been issued and is owned by the public or by private investors
More than 80 percent of the outstanding shares were held by large financial institutions.
56
stock option (noun phrase) = stock option
[countable]
a right to buy the common stock of a corporation at a specified price, by a specific date
All of your employees will be given stock options.
57
term sheet (noun phrase) = term sheet
[countable]
a summary of the key elements of a transaction or agreement
I asked him if they could draw up a term sheet for us.
58
valuation (noun) = valuation
[countable/uncountable]
an estimate of how much something, such as a company or building, is worth
The valuation of this house is much higher than it was when we bought it.
59
be clear about (something) (verb phrase) = be clear about (something)
to understand something very well
I explained the new policy to Sara, so I know she's clear about it.
60
have some say (verb phrase) = have some say
to have some authority or decision-making power
Now that you're a manager, you'll have some say about deadlines.
61
Favorably (adverb) = favorably
in a way that is good or agreeable to someone or something
The offer will address most of your concerns quite favorably.
favorable (adjective)
62
on a case-by-case basis (preposition phrase) = on a case-by-case basis
considering each case or situation separately rather than in terms of a general rule
They will make decisions about salary increases on a case-by-case basis.
63
Asking for General Information about a Previous Conversation
What did + S + tell you?
What other details did + S + give you?
What did Beckett tell you?
64
Asking for Specific Information about a Previous Conversation
Did + S + say anthing about + noun phrase?
What did + S + have to say about + noun phrase?
Tell me/us what + S + said about + noun phrase?
Did Carol say anything about the merger?
What did they have to say about the budget?
Tell us what Universal said about the current staff.
65
Responding to Information from a Previous Conversation
It sounds like/as if + S + V
It sounds as if the term sheet addresses our concerns.
66
reservations (noun) = reservations
[usually plural]
feelings of doubt or concern that you have when you don't completely agree with a plan, suggestion, or idea
At first it looked like a good deal, but I had some reservations when I read the offer more closely.
67
accommodate (verb) = accommodate
[used with an object]
to have or provide enough space for a group of people or things
The conference facility can accommodate 300 people.
accommodations (noun)
accommodating (adjective)
68
be out of the question (verb phrase) = be out of the question
to be impossible or not allowed
Hiring a new product manager right now is out of the question.
69
head back (phrasal verb) = head back
[inseparable; not used with an object]
to start to return to a place
When do you plan to head back to the U.S.?
70
put forward (phrasal verb) = put forward
[separable; used with an object]
to introduce a plan or an idea for discussion
We would like to put forward some additional points before we end the meeting.
71
suffer (verb) = suffer
[used with or without an object]
to experience the negative effects of a bad situation or circumstance
The company suffered a large loss last quarter.
72
feel free (expression) = feel free
used to tell people that they are welcome to do something
Please feel free to call me if you have any questions.
73
gradual (adjective) = gradual
happening or changing slowly over a long period of time
There was a gradual decline in the stock market over the past twelve months.
74
CONNECTORS: SHOWING TIME RELATIONSHIPS
These connectors join two clauses together into a single sentence. Both clauses have a subject and a verb. If the clause with the connector comes first, a comma separates the clauses.
As soon as the board reviews these changes, I'll get back to you.
connector + S + V, + S + V
I'll get back to you as soon as the board reviews these changes.
S + V + connector + S + V
75
once, as soon as
Use these connectors to show that when one event happens, another event happens soon after.
Once the bank approves the loan, we can buy the house.
I'll call you as soon as I hear any news about the merger.
76
for as long as
Use this connector to show that something was happening during an entire specified period of time.
For as long as we've been in business, we've produced quality products.
77
whenever, every time (that)
Use these connectors to show that when one event happens, another event always happens.
Whenever we buy a company, we change its name.
Every time I travel to Europe, I rent a car.
Whenever can also be used to refer to an unspecified time in the future.
Whenever you're ready, we can leave.
78
the first time (that), the second time (that), the next time (that), the last time (that)
Use these connectors to show the order of events.
79
Making a Proposal
I'd like to propose
I'd like to put forward
I'd like to suggest + noun phrase or that + S + V
I'd like to propose a few changes before we leave.
80
Opposing a Proposal
I have some reservations about + noun phrase
That's likely to present difficulties + clause or prepositional phrase
Frankly, that's out of the question. (very strong)
I have some reservations about that idea.
That's likely to present difficulties for our client.
81
concern
concern verb (WORRY)
to cause worry to someone:
"The state of my father's health concerns us greatly."
concern verb (INVOLVE)
to be important to someone or to involve someone directly:
"What I have to say to Amy doesn't concern you."
something you write at the start of a formal letter or notice when you do not know exactly who it should be sent to:
noun
a worried or nervous feeling about something, or something that makes you feel worried:
"Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing."
concern noun (BUSINESS)
a company:
"It started slowly, but the company is now a going concern (= doing business effectively)."
82
release
release verb [T] (MAKE FREE)
to give freedom or free movement to someone or something:
"He was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence."
to move a device from a fixed position to allow it to move freely:
"He released the handbrake and the car jumped forward."
to fire a bomb or a missile (= flying weapon), or to allow it to fall
"The plane released its bombs at 10,000 feet."
to allow a substance to flow out from somewhere
"Coal power stations release sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere."
to express a feeling that you have been trying not to show
"He punched the pillow in an effort to release his anger."
release verb [T] (MAKE PUBLIC)
"Police have released a picture of the man they want to question"
"The band's latest album will be released next week."
"The new edition of the dictionary will be released by the education minister later this month."
release noun (MAKING FREE)
"Her early release from prison led to a demonstration."
"The accident caused the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere."
" noticed a release of tension when he left the room."
release noun (MAKING PUBLIC)
"There are strict rules on the release of official information."
"There are strict rules on the release of official information."
"Her latest release, a song about doomed love, she wrote herself."
"The latest Disney movie goes on general release next month."
83
get there
to arrive somewhere:
"We'll never get there in time."
"What time will we get there?"
to succeed:
"Try again - you'll get there in the end."
"It's going to be fine - we're getting there."
84
rushed
done in a hurry, or feeling that you must do something quickly:
85
impact (noun) = impact
[countable/uncountable]
a force or an effect that one action or event can have on another
The country began to feel the impact of the high inflation rate.
impact (verb)
86
be let go (verb phrase) = be let go
to be fired from a job
A number of employees were let go when the company decided to downsize.
87
go around (phrasal verb) = go around
[inseparable; not used with an object]
to be talked about by many people in an unofficial way
No one has come up with a clear plan, but many ideas are going around.
88
jump to conclusions (verb phrase) = jump to conclusions
to form an opinion without having all the facts
We shouldn't jump to conclusions. We don't know enough about the specifics of the proposal yet.
89
hang on (expression) = hang on
[informal]
used to ask someone to think about something before acting on it or talking about it OR to ask someone to wait for a short time
Hang on a minute, Andy. I don't think we should make a decision until we talk to Martin.
90
premature (adjective) = premature
too early or too soon
His decision was premature. He made it before he had all the facts.
91
tangible (adjective) = tangible
able to be clearly identified or measured
Management will talk to the staff when there's a tangible issue to discuss.
92
vested (adjective) = vested
legally belonging to someone and not able to be taken away
If the company is sold, what's going to happen to our stock options that aren't vested yet?
vest (verb)
93
while
Use while to introduce a clause that is in contrast or opposition to your main point. The clause with while always comes first and is followed by a comma.
While + S + V, S + V
While she doesn't have a lot of experience, she's the best candidate for the position.
94
despite, in spite of
Use despite or in spite of to introduce a noun phrase that is in contrast or opposition to your main point. The phrase can be either at the beginning or middle of the sentence.
Despite/in spite of + noun phrase, S + V
S + V + despite/in spite of + noun phrase
Despite the decline in the global economy, technology stocks continue to rise in value.
Technology stocks continue to rise in value despite the decline in the global economy.
95
nevertheless, nonetheless
When nevertheless or nonetheless are used to show contrast or opposition, they introduce the speaker's main point.
S + V. Nevertheless, S + V
S + V. Nonetheless, S + V
Our competitor's product is good. Nevertheless, our software is still the best.
96
bother
bother verb (MAKE AN EFFORT)
to make the effort to do something:
"Don't bother making the bed - I'll do it later."
bother verb (WORRY)
to make someone feel worried or upset:
"Living on my own has never bothered me."
bother verb (ANNOY)
to annoy or cause problems for someone:
"Don't bother your father when he's working."
bother noun (EFFORT)
bother noun (ANNOYING)
97
worked up
upset or very excited about something:
"He was very worked up about seeing his family again after so many years."
98
staff
staff noun (PEOPLE)
the group of people who work for an organization:
"There is a good relationship between staff and students at the school."
"We are lacking three members of staff due to illness."
staff noun (MUSIC)
the five lines and four spaces between them on which musical notes are written
verb [ T ]
to be or provide the people who work for an organization:
"Many charity shops in Britain are staffed by/with volunteers."
99
vested
adjective
vested shares, pension plans, etc. can be kept by an employee who has worked the necessary number of years for a particular company:
"He chose to receive his vested benefits in a single lump-sum payment."
100
worked up (adjective phrase) = worked up
extremely upset, frustrated, or angry
She's very worked up about her interview, but I'm sure she did fine.
101
deliberations (noun) = deliberations
[usually plural]
careful consideration and discussion focused on reaching a decision
After lengthy deliberations, the owners have decided to sell the company.
deliberate (verb)
102
phase (noun) = phase
[countable]
a part of a process of development or growth
We are in phase one of the project. So far, it's going well.
103
break into (phrasal verb) = break into
to become involved in a new activity, especially in business
The automobile company announced plans to break into the aircraft industry.
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facilitate (verb) = facilitate
[used with an object]
to make a process or activity happen smoothly
Computers can facilitate language learning.
facilitator (noun)
facilitation (noun)
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play out (phrasal verb) = play out
[inseparable; not used with an object]
to develop in a particular way over time
I'm sure the merger will play out successfully.
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work out (phrasal verb) = work out
[separable; used with an object]
to think about or deal with a problem or situation until you find a solution
I can't help you figure out how to finish the project on time. You'll have to work it out yourself.
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bilingual (adjective) = bilingual
able to speak two languages equally well
Yes, she's bilingual. She's fluent in both English and Spanish.
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negotiable (adjective) = negotiable
able to be discussed, considered, or changed before an agreement is reached
The salary is negotiable before you sign the contract.
negotiate (verb)
negotiation (noun)
109
uneasy (adjective) = uneasy
nervous, anxious, or unable to relax
I am always a little uneasy when I have to make a speech.
110
solely (adverb) = solely
only, or not involving anyone or anything else
No one else handles sales for France. I am solely responsible for them.
sole (adjective)
111
Gerund: V + -ing used as a noun
As the subject of a sentence: Training employee's is Beth's responsibility.
As the object of the verb: Bill enjoys traveling on business.
Adjective + preposition + gerund: curious about, afraid of, interested in
Erin is curious about working overseas.
Verb + preposition + gerund: think about, insist on, worry about
Don't worry about missing the meeting.
Verb + gerund:
Sam will enjoy
finish
quit
discuss
consider resea
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Infinitive: to + V used as a noun
As the object of a verb: We decided to discuss employee benefits.
Infinitive of purpose: The companies merged (in order) to increase their market share.
It + be + infinitive:
We {hoped} to finish the meeting by 3:00.
> wanted
> expected
> agreed
> decided
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Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives
begin, continue, hate, like, prefer
John began to write the new employee handbook.
John began writing the new employee handbook.
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Interrupting Appropriately
The expresssions on the left can be used with any of the expressions on the right.
I'm sorry to interrupt, but ...
Excuse me for interrupting, but ...
Pardon me, but ...
Sorry, but ...
.. may I say something?
... may I interject?
... I'd like to ask a question.
... I have something to add.
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Responding to Interruptions
To allow the interruption:
Sure.
Go ahead.
Of course.
To deny the interruption:
Just a moment, please.
May I finish, please?
Returning to Your Point
g
To get back to my point ...
If I could finish what I was saying ...
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I went to the copy room in order ______ the memo (infinitive or gerund)
An infinitive of purpose is used after in order to explain why someone did something.
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. Bob insisted on ______ for Maria to arrive before we started the meeting.
A gerund follows the verb and preposition insisted on
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Kati: I can't wait till this project is finished. We won't have to work overtime anymore.
Sam: Yeah, no one likes _______ more than 10 hours a day.
Either a gerund or an infinitive can follow the verb like.
119
Did you finish ______ that software onto your computer?
A gerund follows the verb finish.
120
Mark: Should I set up an appointment with the client tomorrow?
Carlos: Not yet. I prefer _____ until next week to call them
. Either a gerund or an infinitive can follow the verb prefer.
121
I'm going to stay in the office late tonight _______ on this annual report summary before the deadline tomorrow.
The infinitive of purpose explains why this person is staying late.
122
In our next meeting, we will agree on deadlines and continue ______ on our production calendar.
Either a gerund or an infinitive can follow the verb continue.
123
I've decided not ______ for my annual bonus before buying a car. I need one now.
An infinitive follows the verb decide.
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chain of command (noun phrase) = chain of command
[countable]
the structure in an organization in which people at the top have authority over people at lower ranks
You report only to your direct supervisor in the chain of command.
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performance review (noun phrase) = performance review
[countable]
a formal evaluation of an employee's work during a particular time period
Susan got good feedback from her boss during her performance review.
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anticipate (verb) = anticipate
[used with an object]
to expect that something will happen
We are anticipating a large crowd for this conference.
anticipation (noun)
127
iron out (phrasal verb) = iron out
[separable; used with an object]
to deal with a small problem or the details of a situation
We need to iron out a few problems before the negotiations can move forward.
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point out (phrasal verb) = point out
[separable; used with an object]
to tell someone something that they haven't already realized or noticed
Thanks for pointing that out to me.
129
speak to (phrasal verb) = speak to
[inseparable; used with an object]
to express an opinion or discuss an issue, typically in a meeting
Tomorrow, I plan to speak to the issue of integrating our two companies.
130
pressing (adjective) = pressing
urgent
Let's take care of the most pressing tasks first.
131
rough (adjective) = rough
difficult or full of problems
Karen's first few months at her new job were rough.
132
seasoned (adjective) = seasoned
experienced
Erin knew that the job applicant was a seasoned engineer.
133
in jeopardy (preposition phrase) = in jeopardy
in danger or at risk
The debate over the sales price put the business deal in jeopardy.
134
A relative clause (also called an "adjective clause") is
a type of clause that follows a noun. It identifies the noun or gives additional information about it.
Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns. These pronouns refer to the noun that the clause describes. Some relative pronouns are "who," "that," and "which."
Relative clauses contain a subject and a verb. "Who," "that," and "which" are the relative pronouns that can be the subject of a relative clause.
When you describe a person, use "who" or "that" to begin the relative clause. If you use a relative clause after a person's name, you must use "who" (not "that") and put commas around the relative clause.
- The manager who works in human resources handles all employee complaints.
- The client that was here yesterday called again.
- Amy, who works in sales, sits over there.
When you describe a thing, use "which" or "that" to begin the relative clause. In spoken English, "that" is more common than "which."
- Job security is an issue which affects all of our employees.
- Could you bring me the report that is in my office?
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Expressing Very Strong Dissatisfaction
I'm really upset about ...
I'm really bothered by...
I'm really annoyed by ...
I'm really upset about the decline in the stock market.
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Expressing Strong Dissatisfaction
I'm frustrated with ...
I'm not happy about ...
I have a problem with ...
I'm not happy about my performance review.
137
Softening an Expression of Dissatisfaction
I hate to have to say this, but ...
point this out, but ...
bring this up, but ...
mention this, but ...
I hate to have to bring this up, but I don't like the way you dealt with that customer.
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dynamics (Noun) = dynamics
[usually plural]
the way that people interact in a certain environment or situation
"The presence of the new manager changed the dynamics in the department."
139
perspective (Noun) = perspective
[uncountable]
the understanding of the importance of something in relation to other factors
"When she put it in perspective, the idea of moving to Madrid for a new job didn't seem crazy."
140
have been through (Verb Phrase) = have been through
to have experienced a certain situation or process
"She's been through many salary negotiations, so she's comfortable asking for a raise."
141
outweigh (Verb) = outweigh
[used with an object]
to have more value or importance than something else
"When I realized the benefits of the new job outweighed the risks, I decided to accept the company's offer."
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pertain to (Phrasal Verb) = pertain to
[inseparable; used with an object]
pertaining to (Adjective Phrase)
pertinent (Adjective)
"to relate directly to something"
Deborah doesn't need to attend the meeting. The agenda doesn't pertain to her project at all.
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recognize (Verb) = recognize
[used with an object]
to understand and accept that something is true
"Carolyn recognizes how hard she'll have to work to finish on time."
144
take place (Verb Phrase) = take place
[not used with an object]
to happen or occur
"The interviewing skills workshop took place in Heidelberg."
145
likely (Adjective) = likely
very probable
likelihood (Noun)
"The sales team is likely to benefit from the changes."
146
objective (Adjective) = objective
objectivity (Noun)
not influenced by your own feelings or opinions, especially when you need to make a decision
"Though Linda doesn't like Ken, her evaluations of his work are objective."
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valid (Adjective) = valid
validity (Noun)
validation (Noun)
validate (Verb)
based on fact, true, and taken seriously
"The company's hiring test is not valid. It doesn't measure the skills needed to do the job."
148
at ease
free from anxiety or embarrassment
"He is completely at ease among strangers."
149
A relative clause
follows a noun and gives information about it. A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun, such as who, that, or which.
150
Forming a Relative Clause with an Object Pronoun
I signed a contract. The lawyers (V) prepared the (O) contract.
I signed a contract (O) which the lawyers (V) prepared.
151
Forming a Relative Clause with an Object Pronoun to describe people
Use who or whom to begin the relative clause.
Who is more common in spoken English.
She knows the candidate (O) who/whom (S) I (V) hired last week.
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Objects of Prepositions in Relative Clauses
When a relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, the preposition can come before it (at the beginning of the relative clause) or it can come after the verb. If the preposition comes after the verb, the relative pronoun can be omitted. If the preposition comes at the beginning of the relative clause, use whom or which as the relative pronoun.
This is the job (prep) about (O) which (S) I (V) told you.
This is the job (O) which (S) I (V) told you (prep) about.
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To Acknowledge a Complaint
Thank you for bring that up.
Thank you for bringing that to my attention.
Thank you for pointing that out.
154
To Acknowledge a Complaint and Apologize
I'm sorry. I didn't realize (that) you weren't happy with the new hiring policy.
155
To Show Understanding
I understand your concern about the new hiring policy.
156
To Show That There Is No Need to Worry
Rest assured that we'll give you more time to finish the project.
157
To Show That You'll Try to Solve the Problem
Let me see what I can do about changing the deadline.
158
dropped by
to visit someone casually and without being invited
"I’ll drop by at his house on my way home."
159
catch
catch verb (TAKE HOLD)
to take hold of something, especially something that is moving through the air:
"catch hold of He caught hold of my arm."
catch verb (STOP ESCAPING)
to find and stop a person or animal that is trying to escape:
"They were happy because they had caught a lot of fish that day."
catch verb (DISCOVER)
to discover, see, or realize something, especially someone doing something wrong:
"He caught her reading his old love letters."
catch someone's attention, imagination, interest, etc.
"A ship out at sea caught his attention."
be caught without something
"He doesn't like to be caught without any biscuits in the house."
you won't catch someone doing something
"you won't catch me at work after four o'clock."
catch verb (GET TRANSPORT)
to travel or be able to travel on an aircraft, train, bus, etc
"He always catches the 10.30 a.m. train to work."
catch verb (BECOME INFECTED)
to get an illness, especially one caused by bacteria or a virus:
"A lot of children in the school caught measles last term."
catch verb (SEE/HEAR)
to manage to hear or see something, so you understand or remember it:
"I couldn't catch what the announcer said, with all the other noise going on."
catch verb (STICK)
to stick somewhere, or to make something stick somewhere:
"The sleeve of my jacket (got) caught on the door handle and ripped."
catch verb (HIT)
to hit something, especially without intending to:
"be caught in the crossfire Medical teams were caught in the crossfire of the opposing armies."
catch verb (INVOLVE)
to become involved in something, often without wanting to:
"They were having an argument and somehow I got caught up in it."
catch verb (BREATHE)
to stop breathing for a moment, or to begin to breathe correctly again after running or other exercise:
"I had to sit down and catch my breath."
catch verb (BE TOUCHED BY)
If you have caught the sun, the sun has made your skin a slightly darker brown or red colour:
"You've caught the sun on the back of your neck.
See more"
catch verb (BURN)
to start burning:
"For reasons which are not yet known, the factory caught fire late yesterday evening."
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ride it out
to continue to exist during a difficult situation and until it ends, without serious harm:
"Many companies did not manage to ride out the recession."
161
get-go
the beginning, when someone starts to do something, or a process starts:
"The latest research shows that babies can be taught the difference between night and day from the get-go."
162
disruption (Noun) = disruption
[countable]
a problem or complication that interrupts a process and prevents it from continuing in its normal way
The telephone call was a major disruption to our meeting.
disrupt (Verb)
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drop by (Phrasal Verb) = drop by
[inseparable; used with or without an object]
to visit informally
Please drop by my office on your way to the meeting.
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realign (Verb) = realign
[used with an object]
to reorganize or change the importance of certain priorities or relationships within an organization
To succeed in this job, I must realign my goals with the company's goals.
realignment (Noun)
165
ride out (Phrasal Verb) = ride out
[separable; used with an object]
to experience a difficult situation and not be harmed by it
We have to ride out this financial crisis and not panic about our sales.
166
show up (Phrasal Verb) = show up
[inseparable; not used with an object]
to arrive at a place, especially unexpectedly
How many people do you think will show up for the press conference?
167
stand out (Phrasal Verb) = stand out
[inseparable; not used with an object]
to be noticeable
John's work stands out from that of his co-workers.
168
initial (Adjective) = initial
first or happening at the beginning
An initial investment of one million dollars is required.
initiate (Verb)
169
integral (Adjective) = integral
essential or necessary
Strong communication skills are integral to being a good manager.
170
practically (Adverb) = practically
almost, nearly, virtually
He goes to Brussels so often that he practically lives there.
171
from the get-go (Preposition Phrase) = from the get-go
from the beginning
It was clear from the get-go that this company would succeed.
172
The relative pronoun whose shows possession.
Clauses beginning with whose usually describe people, but can also describe things.
Whose must be followed by a noun.
The salesman will be back in a moment. His briefcase is on the table.
The salesman whose briefcase is on the table will be back in a moment.
173
Where can be used as a relative pronoun to describe a place.
It is not used with a preposition. When where begins a relative clause, it is followed by a subject and verb.
The room where you will be staying has a view of the lake.
174
When can be used as a relative pronoun to describe a noun of time.
It is not used with a preposition.
When it begins a relative clause, when is followed by a subject and verb.
You can also use that to begin a relative clause after a noun of time. When and that can be omitted.
"I think 7:30 is the time when Rob's plane arrives."
"July is the month when/that the fiscal year begins."
"July is the month the fiscal year begins."
175
be flooded (Verb Phrase) = be flooded
[not used with an object]
to receive so much of something that you cannot easily deal with it OR to be covered or filled with liquid that is not normally there
"Our human resources department was flooded with resumes after the open position was advertised on the company's Web site."
176
break down (Phrasal Verb) = break down
[separable; used with an object]
to separate something into different sections or parts
"I'm going to break down the agenda into three parts."
177
clear up (Phrasal Verb) = clear up
[separable; used with an object]
to explain something so that everyone understands it and there are no more problems
"I hope that my feedback helped clear things up for you."
178
finalize (Verb) = finalize
[used with an object]
to finish a plan, project, or agreement
"We're finished negotiating the contract. We finalized the last details this morning."
final (Adjective)
179
find out (Phrasal Verb) = find out
[separable; used with or without an object]
to discover information about someone or something
That was a secret. How did you find out about it?
180
talk over (Phrasal Verb) = talk over
[separable; used with an object]
to discuss something thoroughly
Let me talk it over with my partner before we sign the contract.
181
touch on (Phrasal Verb) = touch on
[inseparable; used with an object]
to mention or introduce a subject briefly
"I'd like to touch on this issue at the next staff meeting, but I hope to avoid a long discussion."
182
slighted (Adjective) = slighted
slight (Verb)
treated rudely or without consideration or respect
"I felt slighted because I was not invited to the meeting."
183
at ease (Preposition Phrase) = at ease
relaxed, comfortable, and not worried
"After my performance review, I felt much more at ease."
184
on short notice (Preposition Phrase) = on short notice
without much warning or time to prepare
"I apologize for changing your schedule on such short notice."
185
A phrasal verb
consists of a verb + particle. The particle is usually a preposition or an adverb.
>>> Inseparable Phrasal Verbs
The verb and particle must stay together. Objects (nouns and pronouns) always follow the particle.
I will drop by the office sometime tomorrow.
V particle O
get on = to enter a bus, train, or airplane
show up= to arrive at a place, especially unexpectedly
run into = to meet someone by chance
"Sylvia got on the bus at 7:00 a.m."
>>> Separable Phrasal Verbs
The verb and particle can be separated. If the object of the verb is a noun, it can follow the particle or it can go between the verb and the particle. If the object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle.
Please fill in the information from your time sheet.
V particle O
Please fill the information in from your time sheet.
V O particle
Please fill it in from your time sheet.
V O particle
turn off = to make something electrical stop working
find out = to discover information about someone or something
clear up = to explain something so that everyone understands it
186
RESPONDING TO REQUESTS FOR ACTION
Responses to Immediate Action
No problem.
I'll get right on it.
I'll do it right away.
Responses of Delayed Action
I'll get back to you.
I'll let you know.
Let's discuss it later.
Responses of No Action
These expressions are usually followed by an explanation of why you are not responding.
I'm afraid I can't.
Not at this point.
Sorry, I can't.
