LARE 4-2 Flashcards
1
Q
Soil should be stockpiled to which max. height?
A
4’-0”
2
Q
Accelerating admixture effects
A
shortens the setting time of concrete, results in higher early strength and increases dry shrinkage during setting
3
Q
What is included in an invitation to bid
A
Project title & description, identification of principals (ie landscape architect), time and place for receipt of bids, type of contract. Does NOT include bid form.
4
Q
Most erodable type of soil
A
fine, silty soils
5
Q
Northing and easting values are associated with what layout system
A
coordinate system (a grid used to locate points 2 dimensionally)
6
Q
Benefits of sustainable stormwater management
A
Reduce downstream flooding Lower site maintenance cost Improve safety Provide wildlife habitat Maintain soil moisture Create recreational opportunities
7
Q
Purposes of level spreaders
A
distribute stormwater over a wide area
Maximize filtration by adjacent vegetation
Minimize erosion
8
Q
Tile vent
A
aerates fill soil above an existing tree
9
Q
Hooded riser
A
used in wet retention ponds to control discharge of water to treatment facility; it is protected from debris with wire mesh and a hood; height corresponds to maximum storage depth of the pond
10
Q
Appropriate elements for a therapy garden
A
provide enclosure
include water
limit maintenance (it can be disruptive)
11
Q
depth of subdrain pipes
A
below the frost line
12
Q
Factors that can contribute to slope failure
A
increasing grade increasing load on slope removing vegetation altering surface drainage altering subsurface drainage
13
Q
Purpose of stormwater detention facilities
A
hold runoff during storm events and release after peak storm has passed; control peak discharge (not intended to infiltrate stormwater)
14
Q
Reference specifications
A
are developed by industry professionals and associations (reduce length of specifications by referring to preset standards)
15
Q
Advantages of nails over screws in wood construction
A
lower materials cost
quicker installation
16
Q
Advantages of concrete
A
high durability
low maintenance cost
hard surface
adaptability
17
Q
Disadvantages of concrete
A
require joints
low tensile strength
difficult to color evenly and permanently
18
Q
Components of a tree protection plan
A
location of trees Location of plants to be protected Survey base protection fencing limits of work reference notes keynote list
19
Q
Stabilized construction entrance
A
mountable
20
Q
Parts included in Project Manual
A
General Conditions Bidding Documents Sample Forms Schedule of Drawings Supplementary Provisions Technical Specifications
21
Q
Average End Area Method
A
method for calculating volume of cut/fill - best for linear areas
V=(A1+A2)xL
Cut and fill are calculated separately
22
Q
Extensive Greenroof
A
planting medium typically 1.6-6” deep
Typically use drought tolerant sedums and grasses
Typically used for sustainability or building-performance purposes (not human enjoyment)
23
Q
Intensive Greenroof
A
Over 6” of planting medium
May include shrubs or trees
Typically used when they can be enjoyed by people
24
Q
Flow sensor
A
installed in an irrigation mainline to detect leaks
located at the beginning of the irrigation system, after the backflow preventer and master valve; detects water flowing through mainline when system is turned off
25
Knox Box
Fire Access Box - allows firefighters or emergency personnel to access via a PIN; metal box that contains keys; does not require electric power or phone line
26
Expansion shield
used to anchor lag bolts to concrete or masonry
27
anchor bolt
used to attach structural elements to concrete; one end is embedded in concrete, other end is threaded to attached to structural support (also called J bolt)
28
carriage bolt
used to fasten wood to metal, or fasten to pieces of wood; round, dome shaped head; square neck
29
machine screw
have uniform diameter (no tapered end) used to fasten machine parts; may have unthreaded shoulder; hex or square head
30
toggle bolts
have wings that open for attaching to hollow structure like drywall
31
Bolts vs screw
```
bolts are used with a nut
bolts often have unthreaded shank
screws are often tapered
screws must always be turned to install
often bolts are held static while nut is turned to install
```
32
Lag bolt
heavy duty bolt; require pilot hole and washer; driven in with a wrench
33
lag bolt with fiber plug
anchor for use with wood or metal formed of braided jute fiber in a tube shape
34
Lag bolt with lag shield
metal anchor that expands to fill pre drilled hole in concrete or masonry when lag bolt is tightened; resistant to temperature fluctuations
35
threaded rod
rod with thread on both ends or fully threaded, designed to be used in tension; also known as stud
36
concrete nail
more heavy duty than wood nails; used to attached flooring to concrete
37
joist hanger
pre-manufactured metal piece used to attached joists to a ledger or beam; should be galvanized
38
post anchor
metal piece attached to a footing, used to secure wood post and protect it from ground moisture
39
post cap ties
connect 2x2's to a 4x4 post
40
post tie plates
attaches boards to posts; lighter duty than post cap ties
41
metal strap/structural tie
used to reinforce connections between joists, ledgers, beams, posts; flat pieces of metal with holes for screws or bolts; may be straight, L or T shaped
42
plate anchor
used to stabilized cracking or bowed foundation or retaining walls
43
masonry wall tie
used to connect brick outer wall with concrete block structural wall
44
Rivet
smooth fastener with an end that expands 1.5 times the original diameter when using a rivet gun
45
z anchor
used to install natural stone slabs
46
geosynthetic reinforcing grid
used to increase soil strength under tension, such as under a road or behind a retaining wall
47
Welded wire mesh
alternative to using steel bars to reinforce concrete; saves time, labor and money
48
Expansion joints
full depth of concrete
must be placed between concrete and building
allows for lateral movement between slabs
49
Control/contraction joint
controls cracking to predetermined locations
panels should be square if possible and not exceed 1:1.5 ratio
joints commonly 24-30 times slab thickness
Min. depth 1/4 slab thickness
Must be placed at corners of pavement perpendicular to expansion joints
50
benefits of masonry above concrete
```
greater aesthetic variability
greater durability
higher compressive strength
better moisture resistance
(however it is more expensive and heavier)
```
51
Location of infiltration basins
2-4' above the water table
100' or more from wells
Bottom set below the frost line
in soils with reasonability rapid infiltration rates
52
ADA accessible table height
28-34"
53
Truss reinforcement
longitudinal wires connected to diagonal wires between layers of masonry wall
54
Fire protection planting zones
30' from building - protection zone (low flammability, low stature plants, no wood furniture or mulches)
100' from building - buffer zone
natural area fuel reduction zone (remove brush, prescribed burnings)
55
first flush
the first .5 to 1.5 inches of rainfall that accounts for 75% of pollutant discharge in stormwater
56
truncated hydrograph method
captures and retains the first flush on site - retains enough runoff volume to maintain predevelopment peak flow; does not control peak flow from storms larger than the design storm; eliminates natural stream flows from storms less than the design storm
57
Integrated water balance planning
integrates water supply, water use, water storage, water disposal into one process within a site design
58
water quality volume calculation
multiple square feet of impervious surface by water quality depth in feet (.083 feet = 1 inch)
59
determining bioretention depth/area
water quality volume divided by area or depth (to find area or depth) - depth is usually 6-12 inches
60
Sizing infiltration systems
basin volume = volume to be infiltrated / void space (usually 30% for gravel filled basins)
61
Infiltration basin depth calcuation
Max depth = (drying time in days x soil infiltration rate (in feet per day) x safety factor) / void space (usually 30%)
62
Porous paver design requirements
soil must have infiltration rate of .5" per hour
| adjacent landscaped areas should drain away to avoid sediment clogging
63
infiltration times for various stormwater control measures
rain garden - infiltrate in 1 day
| bioretention basin - 48 hours
64
Bioretention area design
contains underdrain
can remove some pollutants
max drainage area of 1 acre
locate close to source of runoff
use a flowsplitter to allow larger storms to bypass
bedrock or water table must be more than 2' below bottom
Do not located in sandy soils (wouldn't allow filtration)
Construct late in construction sequence
Use engineered soil.
65
Infiltration basin design
Filled with gravel; typically 40% void space
Drainage area <1 acre; located close to runoff source
Include a forebay to prevent clogging with particles
infiltration rate of soil at least .5" per hour
incorporate observation wells
Should not be used for highly polluted water
Typically does not incorporate plants
66
Vegetated swales
Cheaper than concrete culverts, but require more maintenance and area
Limited sediment filtration; a pretreatment of runoff
Design to convey large storms, typically 25 year storm
Side slopes 2:1 max; shallow conveyance slope preferred
100% vegetation cover to prevent erosion
67
Bioswales
linear bioretention areas designed to convey, filter and infiltrate runoff.
Use engineered soil, underdrains and vegetation
Flow splitter may be needed
Pools may be used to dissipate erosive energy, but have potential to disturb previously deposited sediments
68
Stormwater wetlands
low cost; require large area
undulating microtopography and permanent pools
rely on inflow from precipitation (unlike constructed wetlands)
stormwater depth should be max. 9" above permanent depth
72 hour drawdown (spillways)
forebay to collect sediment/trash
surface area 5-10% of catchment area
release into level spreaders or riparian areas
flowsplitter to divert excess water
catchment less than 5 acres
69
Problems with traditional box culverts
they restrict stream flow, causing downstream scouring, and disrupting habitat
Solution: use bridges, wide, bottomless culverts or imbed bottom of culvert beneath stream bed to allow continuous habitat`
70
Methods of using captured rainwater for irrigation
flood or furrow irrigation
| surface ponding
71
Primary Wastewater Treatment
Relies on gravity: screens, settling tanks
72
Secondary Wastewater Treatment
```
Require energy input and disinfectant
Constructed wetlands
Intermittent sand filters
Pressure dosed sand mounds
Pressure dosed soil absorption fields
trickling filter
```
73
Benefits of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment
```
easy to construct
landscape amenity
provide habitat
do not require energy input
Effective at removing nitrates, solids and carbon oxygen
(drawback) require more land
(drawback) require plant maintenance
```
74
Species excellent for wastewater treatment
Typha, Scirpus, Carex (Phragmites is good but invasive)
75
Tertiary wastewater treatment types
```
nitrification trickling filter
recirculating sand filter
bag filters
cartridge filter
fine mesh screens
ozone disinfection
sodium hypochlorite
```
76
Composite deck board spacing
Parallel boards 3/16" apart
77
Best playground post material in sub zero temperatures
Powder coated steel
78
Most important factor in evaluating letter size for roadway signage
Speed of vehicle
79
Construction contract is fully executed when...
Work is complete and owner has made final payment
80
Project manual includes...
Bidding docs
General conditions
Supplementary provisions
Technical specifications
81
General conditions
Boilerplate
Rules under which project will be built
Establish rights, authority, obligations
82
Supplementary conditions
```
Specific to job
What owner will provide
Type of survey
Phasing requirements
Security, cost reporting, schedule
Material substitution info
Traffic control
Cultural artifact discovery
```
83
Specifications include...
```
Invitation to bid
Instructions to bidders
Gen and supp conditions
Bid proposal
Bid bond form
Contract bond form
List of prevailing wages
Non collusion affidavit
Tech specifications
```
84
Structural soils ingredients
Gap graded angular crushed stone
Clay loam soil
Hydrogen (for binding)
85
Soil stockpiling guidelines
Don't stockpile more than 6 months
| Don't pile higher than 4'
86
Lift
Uniform layer of fill soil
87
Runoff control practices during construction
```
Diversions
Waterways
Slope protection
Grade control structures
Outlet protection
```
88
Biotechnical erosion control measures
Live staking
Live fascines (branch bundles parallel to slope)
Brushlayering (branch bundles perpendicular to slope)
Branch packing
Live cribwall
Fiber rolls
Log terraces
89
Open vs closed drainage systems
Open system all runoff is conveyed to the ground on site
| Closed system, runoff is conveyed through pipes to an on or off site outlet
90
Flashing
Thin piece of impervious metal used for waterproofing roofs, tops of windows or doors or along the top of foundations to direct water away from the structure
91
Angle iron
Carbon steel beam with L profile, used to frame structures; extremely stable, can bear excessive pressure snd weight
92
Brass pipe
Highly resistant to corrosion, water and heat damage. Soft metal, easy to create tight seal. Safe for drinking water
93
Butt hinge
Metal hinge with two matching leaves used to mount doors
94
Copper pipe
Can fail in Temps above 180. Can form condensation which can freeze and block pipes. Can give water a metallic taste. Acidic water can cause it to corrode.
95
Mastic
Type of resin used to attach tile to walls
96
Waterstop
Creates water right seal between concrete surfaces
97
Most common mortar joint in masonry construction
Roddenberry joint
98
The three types of retaining walls
Gravity, cantilever, counterfoil
99
Major load carrying members of a deck
Beams
100
Difference between screw and lag bolt
Head of the connector
101
Description of a township
Portion, section, tier, range
102
Plane survey process
Backsight I'd added to height of instrument and Foresight is deducted from height of instrument
103
Two types of portland cement mortar most suitable
N and S
104
Joints required I'm concrete to reduce cracking due to shrinkage
Control joints
105
Increasing the amount of water in mortar will...
Increase tensile bond strength
| Decrease compressive strength
106
Minimum clear width for wheelchair
36"
107
Unified ASTM soil classification groups soils by...
Bearing capacity
108
Soil type least susceptible to frost avrion
Gravel
109
Device that prevents contamination of water bodies with petroleum
Hooded catch basin
110
Soil hydrologic group most likely to produce most runoff
D (least permeable)
111
Minimum width for handicap stall
12 feet
112
Water pressure calculation
Pressure=density x height x acceleration of gravity
113
Water density
62.4 lbs per cubic foot
114
Adding sulfur to soil...
Increases acidity
115
Vacuum breaker valve purpose
Prevents contamination of potable water
116
Minimum handicap parking stall width
12 feet
