Large Animal Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

common signs of respiratory disease in LA

A
  • cough
  • nasal discharge
  • epistaxis, hemoptysis
  • respiratory distress
  • abnormal respiratory noises
  • tachypnea
  • exercise intolerance
  • weight loss, fever
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2
Q

general evaluation during exam of respiratory system

A
  • observation from a distance
  • presence of nasal discharge
  • evaluation of airflow at the nose
  • mucous membranes color and CRT
  • palpation of larynx and trachea
  • palpation of regional lymph nodes
  • percussion of paranasal sinuses
  • observation of ventral abdomen, muzzle and limbs for edema
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3
Q

normal respiration rates of horses and ruminants

A

Horses: adults 8-24 neonates 25-40

Cattle: adults 12-36 neonates 30-60

Sheep/goats: adults 12-40 neonates 30-70

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4
Q

auscultation of respiratory system

A
  • normal bronchiovesicular lung sounds
  • abnormal (adventitious) lung sounds
  • absence of, or increased lung sounds
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5
Q

normal bronchiovesicular lung sounds

A
  • produced by turbulent air flow in the central airways
  • louder ventrally than dorsocaudally
  • attenuated by aerated lung parenchyma
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6
Q

abnormal (adventitious) lung sounds

A
  • crackles: short, non-musical, sharp, explosive sounds
  • wheezes: musical high-pitched sounds
  • friction rubs
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7
Q

percussion

A
  • using a rubber hammer and a spoon, or using fingers
  • useful to:
    • delineate the boundaries of the lungs
    • identify consolidation, abscesses and pleural effusion
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8
Q

endoscopy

A

structures evaluated:

  • nasal cavities
  • ethmoid turbinates
  • pharynx
  • larynx and epiglottis
  • trachea and bronchi
  • guttural pouches
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9
Q

upper airway radiography

A

head

  • nasal cavities
  • sinuses
  • ethmoid
  • teeth

pharynx

  • epiglottis
  • soft palate
  • guttural pouches
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10
Q

lower airway radiography

A

lungs

  • normal
  • alveolar pattern
  • interstitial pattern
  • bronchial pattern
  • mixed patterns

heart

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11
Q

ultrasonography

A
  • u/s beam doesn’t penetrate the normal lung parenchyma
  • cannot detect deep lung lesions with overlying normal lung
  • technique of choice to evaluate pleural space and peripheral lung
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12
Q

nasal washes

A

only useful to detect microorganisms that do not normally colonize the upper airways (viruses and Streptococcus equi equi)

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13
Q

tracheobronchial aspirate (TBA)

A

technique of choice to obtain a culture of the lower airways when pneumonia is suspected

cytology:

  • normal: mainly macrophages and ciliated epithelial cells

culture:

  • trachea is not a sterile site
  • the significance of culture results must be interpreted in the context of clinical signs and cytological examination
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14
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

A

cytology:

  • correlates well with histopathology of the lungs when a diffuse disease is present
  • not useful when a focal disease is suspected

culture:

  • not a sterile procedure
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15
Q

thoracocentesis

A
  • when pleural effusion suspected
  • cytology and culture
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16
Q

lung biopsy

A

complications: hemorrhage, pneumothorax

17
Q

arterial blood gas analysis

A

measure gas exchange (PaO2) and ventilation (PaCO2)

18
Q

pulmonary function testing

A

measure mechanical properties of lungs