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Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 > Respiratory Diseases of Ruminants > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases of Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Functional Anatomy of Respiratoy System in Ruminants

A
  • well-developed lung lobes and lobulation
  • smal total alveolar surface area
  • extensive lymphatic drainage
    • pleural effusion is rare
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2
Q

Calf Diphteria

A
  • oral necrobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis
  • infection of the soft tissue of the oral cavity and/or the laryngeal mucosa
    • primary-Fusobacterium necrophorum
    • secondary-Trueperella pyrogenes
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3
Q

Clinical signs of Calf Diphteria

A
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • excessive salivation
  • halitosis
  • moist painful cough if larynx affected
  • +/- inspiratory dyspnea if larynx affected
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4
Q

Treatment of Calf Diphteria

A
  • penicillin +/- sulfa (anaerobes)
  • NSAIDs may help pain
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5
Q

Viral Respiratory Diseases in Ruminants

A
  • transmitted via direct contact or aerosol
  • beef cattle:
    • more common after arrival at feedlots or sale barns
  • dairy cattle:
    • calves up to 6 months
    • adults- sporadic occurrence
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6
Q

Diagnosis of ruminant viral respiratory diseases

A
  • virus isolation
  • PCR
  • antigen detection
  • serology
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7
Q

Parainfluenza virus type 3

A
  • RNA virus
  • paramyxovirus family
  • affects cattle, sheep and goats
  • predisposes to secondary infections (other viruses and bacteria)
  • infects and divides in ciliated cells and alveolar macrophages
  • most cells are restored within 12-21 days
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8
Q

Clinical signs of PI-3

A
  • fever
  • cough
  • nasal and ocular discharge
  • subclinical infection is common
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9
Q

Vaccination for PI-3

A
  • modified live intranasal
  • modified live IM
  • killed IM (not really effective)
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10
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A
  • paramyxovirus
  • affects cattle, sheep and goats
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11
Q

Clinical signs of BRSV

A
  • variable
  • mild upper respiratory signs
  • severe respiratory distress and death
  • no oral or nasal ulceration
  • subcutaneous emphysema may be present
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12
Q

Diagnosis of BRSV

A
  • very difficult
  • serology
  • virus isolation
  • immunofluorescence of lung tissue
  • RT-qPCR
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13
Q

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis causative agent

A
  • Bovine herpesvirus 1.1
  • latency occurs in convalescent animals (neurons)
  • carriers rarely demonstrate signs of disease
    • may shed virus and initiate outbreaks
  • outbreaks are often self-limiting unless complicated by secondary infection
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14
Q

Clinical signs of IBR

A
  • subclinical to very severe
  • fever, nasal discharge, cough
  • conjuctivitis, corneal opacities
  • pustules and/or diphteric plaques in the nose
  • hyperemia of muzzle: “rednose”
  • abortion
  • secondary bacterial infection
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15
Q

Diagnosis of IBR

A
  • clinical signs
    • conjunctivitis, pustules, nasal hyperemia
  • laboratory
    • virus isolation
    • serology
    • PCR
    • antigen detection (immunofluorescence, IIC)
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16
Q

Treatment of IBR

A
  • antibiotics if secondary bacterial pneumonia is suspected
  • do not give corticosteroids
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17
Q

Vaccination for IBR

A
  • modified live IM (lifelong immunity)
  • modified live intranasal (up to 3 yrs immunity)
  • killed IM preparation
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18
Q

Bovine Bronchopneumonia

A

Bovine respiratory disease complex

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19
Q

Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • “Dairy Pneumonia”
  • enzootic implies offending agents present continuously
  • calves 2 weeks to 5 months old (peak 40-50 day) intensively raised (veal, dairy)
    • morbidity: 1-29%
    • mortality: <5%
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20
Q

Predisposing factors for Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • environmental factors
    • inadequate ventilation
    • inadequate temperature & humidity control
    • poor sanitation
    • overcrowding
    • noxious gases (urinary ammonia)
    • dust
  • failure of passive transfer of immunity
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21
Q

Common agents involved in Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • IBR, PI-3, BRSV, BVD
  • Mycoplasma spp (can be sole agent)
  • bacteria
    • P. multocida (enzootic)
    • T. pyogenes, M. haemolytica, H. somni, Strept, Salmonella, E. coli, Pseudomonas
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22
Q

Clinical signs of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • fever
  • coughing
  • nasal discharge
  • respiratory distress
  • bloat
  • weight loss
  • auscultation (large airway sounds)
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23
Q

Diagnosis of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • clinical signs
  • hematology (viral vs. bacterial)
  • nasal swabs for virus/Mycoplasm
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24
Q

Treatment and prognosis of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • treatment
    • antibiotics
    • NSAIDs
    • nursing care
  • prognosis: usually good
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25
Q

Prevention of Enzootic Calf Pneumonia

A
  • vaccination
  • environmental management
  • passive transfer of immunity
26
Q

Shipping Fever Complex

A
  • most common in young cattle that have rececntly undergone shipping to sale yards and feedlots
  • most common cause of mortality and morbidity in feedlot cattle
    • morbidity: 10-75%
    • mortality: 0-45%
  • economic losses in USA ~ $1 billion annually
27
Q

Clinical signs of Shipping Fever Complex

A
  • peak incidence occurs 7-14 days after arrival at feedlot
  • sick animals stand off by themselves
  • depressed
  • decreased feed intake
  • increased respiratory rate
  • fever
  • ocular and nasal discharge
  • moist cough
  • advanced cases: dyspnea, death
28
Q

Etiologic agents of Shipping Fever Complex

A
  • Mannheimia haemolytica A:1
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Histophilus somni
  • Mycoplasma bovis, M. dispar, Ureaplasma spp
  • Trueperella pyogenes
  • Gram negatives: E. coli, Pseudomonas sp, Salmonella sp.
  • Gram positives: Streptococcus sp. Staphylococcus sp
  • Anaerobes
29
Q

Mannheimia haemolytica (Shipping Fever Complex)

A
  • 16 serotypes: A1 most common
  • normal inhabitant of nasopharynx
    • A1 rarely cultured in asymptomatic animals
    • growth of A1 after stress
  • virulence factors
    • leukotoxin
30
Q

Histophilus somni (Shipping Fever Complex)

A
  • normal inhabitant of nasopharynx
  • significant cause of pneumonia in feedlots
  • incidence is quite variable
  • other diseases:
    • thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
    • arthritis, infertility, abortion, otitis…
31
Q

Mycoplasma (Shipping Fever Complex)

A
  • commonly isolated
  • M. bovis, M. dispar and Ureaplasma spp
  • mild respiratory pathogens
  • immunosuppression
32
Q

Diagnosis of Shipping Fever Complex

A
  • Hematology
    • leukopenia and lymphopenia acutely with viral insult
    • leukocytosis with left shift
    • elevated fibrinogen
  • radiography and/or u/s
  • transtracheal wash
  • necropsy
33
Q

Treatment of Shipping Fever Complex

A
  • Antibiotics
    • Ceftiofur, Tilmicosin, Florfenicol, Enrofloxacin, Tulathromycin, Gamithromycin
    • Avoid aminoglycosides (persist in kidneys), chloramphenicol, excessive doses (change withdrawal period)
  • antiinflammatory therapy
    • NSAIDs
    • avoid corticosteroids
  • supportive therapy
    • nutritional support
    • maintain hydration
34
Q

Prevention of Shipping Fever Complex

A
  • Preconditioning
    • weaning, vax, castration, deqorming, dehorning, change feeding at least 3 weeks before shipping
  • avoid auction yards and overcrowding
  • vaccination on arrival at the feedlot (IBR, Mannheimia)
  • mass antimicrobial therapy on arrival at the feedlot: metaphylaxis
35
Q

Vaccination for Shipping Fever Complex

A
  • Viral agents?
  • Histophilus somni (bacterin)
    • very effective experimentally
  • Mannheimia haemolytica
    • bacterin: not effective, perhaps detrimental
    • modified live: limited efficacy
    • leukotoxin and surface antigens: more effective
36
Q

Vena caval thrombosis and metastatic pneumonia

A
  • multifocal abscessation of lungs caused by septic thromboembolism
  • emboli usually originate from caudal vena cava
  • commonly occur secondary to rumenitis- induced liver abscessation
37
Q

Pathogenesis of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia

A

rumenitis secondary to lactic acidosis caused by ingestion of highly fermentable feeds

–>

bacteria penetrate rumen wall and are filtered out in liver

–>

liver abscesses invade and form septic thrombus in caudal vena cava

=

septic emboli from thrombus lodges in pulmonary arterioles causing arteritis, aneurysms and abscesses

38
Q

Other causes of metastatic pneumonia

A
  • jugular vein phlebitis
  • mastitis
  • metritis
  • footrot
  • bacteria involved include Fusobacterium necrophorum, T. pyogenes, E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus
39
Q

clinical signs of vena caval thrombosis

A
  • most common in feedlot cattle
  • duration of signs is variable (acute to chronic)
  • weight loss
  • hemoptysis
  • combination of respiratory signs with anemia widespread wheezes and hemoptysis is generally considered to be pathognomonic
  • rapid deterioration after hemoptysis
40
Q

Treatment and prognosis of vena caval thrombosis

A
  • treatment
    • penicillin
  • prognosis
    • almost invariably fatal
41
Q

prevention of vena caval thrombosis

A
  • slow introduction to highly fermentable diets
  • anitbiotics to ration
42
Q

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (ABPEE)

A
  • atypical interstitial pneumonia, “fog fever”
  • adult cattle (> 2 yr)
  • dry, sparse forage to lush, green pasture
  • western US- cows are moved from dry summer pastures to irrigated pastures in fall
  • southest US- cattle fed winter rye grass
43
Q

Clinical signs of ABPEE

A
  • develop 2-14 days after pasture switch
  • acute onset of dyspnea, with loud expiratory grunt, open mouth breathing and tachypnea
  • normal lung sounds
  • coughing is rare
  • mortality (up to 30%) may occur within 2 days. recovery in others is rapid
44
Q

pathophysiology of ABPEE

A

L-tryptophan in lush pasture

–> rumenal bacteria convert indole acetic acid to 3-methylindole

–> metabolized by MFO system in Clara cells (absorbed into circulation)

–>reactive intermediates that bind intracellular proteins

–> necrosis of type I pneumocytes and Clara cells

45
Q

Treatment and Prevention of ABPEE

A
  • Treatment
    • avoid stress
    • NSAIDs
  • Prevention
    • slowly introduce to pasture
    • lonophore antibiotics
46
Q

Parasitic Pneumonia in cattle

A
  • Dictyocaulus viviparus
  • most important in animals < 2 yrs of age
  • 1-3 weeks after moving to infected pasture
  • two clinical syndromes
    • primary syndromes (animal exposed for 1st time)
    • reinfection syndrome (massive challenge required)
  • infective L3 develop in feces on pasture from L1 in 5-7 days
47
Q

Diagnosis of parasitic pneumonia in cattle

A
  • clinical signs and history
  • demonstration of L1 during patent stage (Baermann)
  • eosinophils in transtracheal wash during pre-patent stage
  • peripheral eosinophilia
48
Q

treatment of parasitic pneumonia of cattle

A
  • remove from infected pasture
  • affected animals may get worse before improving
  • levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin kill immature and mature D. viviparus
49
Q

Upper respiratory conditions in sheep and goats

A
  • necrotic laryngitis
  • retropharyngeal lymph node abscessation
    • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
50
Q

Bacterial pneumonia in sheep and goats

A
  • similar to the bovine respiratory disease complex
    • interaction of environmental factors, viruses, Mycoplasma spp. and bacteria
    • mainly M. haemolytica
  • C. pseudotuberculosis lung abscesses
51
Q

Parasitic pneumonia in sheep and goats

A
  • Dictyocaulus filaria
  • Protostrongylus rufescens (IH-snail)
  • Muellerius capillaris (IH-snail)
    • most common but least pathogenic
52
Q

viral respiratory diseases in sheep and goats

A
  • acute
    • PI-3
    • BRSV
    • adenovirus: mild respiratory signs, conjunctivitis
  • chronic
    • ovine progressive pneumonia (sheep only)
    • CAE (goats only)
    • pulmonary adenomatosis (mainly sheep)
53
Q

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

A
  • nononcogenic retrovirus of the subfamily Lentiviridae
  • related to CAE
  • long incubation period (years)
  • horizontal transmission common (nose-to-nose, fomites, aerosol droplets)
  • vertical transmission rare
  • usually seen in sheep > 2-3 years of age
  • death usually with 6-12 months of first clinical signs
54
Q

clinical signs of ovine progressive pneumonia

A
  • weight loss despite a good appetite
  • progressive respiratory failure
  • lymphocytic mastitis
  • posterior paresis
  • arthritis
  • vasculitis
55
Q

ddx of ovine progressive pneumonia

A
  • bronchopneumonia
  • ovine pulmonary adenomatosis
  • parasitic pneumonia
  • Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
56
Q

diagnosis of ovine progressive pneumonia

A
  • signalment, clinical signs, lack of treatment response
  • serology (AGID, ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence)
  • virus isolation, PCR amplification
57
Q

Treatment and prevention of ovine progressive pneumonia

A
  • no treatment
  • remove seropositive animals
  • isolate lambs as birth
58
Q

Pulmonary adenomatosis

A
  • Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
  • Jaagsiekte
  • Type D retrovirus is implicated (JSRV)
  • mature sheep (1-4 years of age)
  • progressive weight loss, tachypnea, coughing, heavy nasal discharge especially when rear limbs raised
59
Q

clinical signs of pulmonary adenomatosis

A
  • progressive weight loss
  • tachypnea
  • coughing
  • heavy nasal discharge especially when rear limbs raised
  • lesions: discrete nodules
  • death occurs within a few months of first clinical signs
60
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary adenomatosis

A
  • PCR amplification
    • no serological test
  • no treatment

Cardiopulmonary Exam 1 (10 decks)

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