Larynx and Trachea

Question 1

Upper airway obstruction can be seen as what on radiographs of the laryngeal region?

Answer 1

1. Air superimposing the cranial larynx (everted saccules)
2. Larynx caudally displaced
3. Straightening of the hyoid bones
4. Expansion of the pharynx

Question 2

Laryngeal collapse can look like what on radiographs?

Answer 2

1. Diminished visibility of the laryngeal margins
2. Soft tissue thickening of the larynx
3. Loss of the laryngeal gas column

Question 3

Laryngeal narrowing is best seen on what modality?

Answer 3

CT

Question 4

What is the % of cases of epiglottic retroversion that are secondary to another upper airway disease?

Answer 4

80%

Question 5

Which way does laryngeal collapse normally take place? Hint: this is why it is hard to see in on Rads

Answer 5

Laterolateral direction

Question 6

Pharyngeal collapse is usually associated with another upper airway obstruction disorder.. most commonly?

Answer 6

Tracheal or bronchial collapse.

Question 7

What plant species can cause toxic laryngitis?

Answer 7

Dieffenbachia

Question 8

Two most common forms of pharyngolaryngeal mural neoplasia in cats?

Answer 8

Lymphoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

With the arytenoid cartilage most often involved.

Question 9

Two most common forms of pharyngolaryngeal mural neoplasia in Dog?

Answer 9

SCC (tonsillar) is the most common

Followed by sarcoma, melanoma and lymphoma.

In the larynx in a dog, rhabdomyo is the most common

Question 10

What divides the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx?

Answer 10

Palatopharyngeal

Question 11

Mineralization of the layngeal cart is normal and is seen in what type of dogs?

Answer 11

Large breed - any age

Question 12

Extension of the neck can cause the tracheal diameter of the trachea to?

Answer 12

narrow

Question 13

What is the difference between a dorsal tracheal membrane and a redundant dorsal tracheal membrane?

Answer 13

Redundant implies it is causing a problem

Question 14

Name three benign etiologies that can look like masses in the larynx?

Answer 14

Polyp
Cyst
Supprative laryngitis

Question 15

What is the top differential for lysis of the basihyoid bone?

Answer 15

Ectopic thyroid carcinoma

Question 16

Norwich terries commonly have what in their laryngeal region?

Answer 16

Supra-arytenoid swelling

Laryngeal narrowing

Question 17

Nasopharyngeal stenosis is a congential disease in what breed of dog?

Answer 17

Dachshund

Question 18

Nasopharyngeal stenosis is seen due to what etiology in cats?

Answer 18

Infectious (rhinotracheitis)

Question 19

Intramural tracheal masses… 5 of them?

Answer 19

1. Osteochondroma - young dog
2. Lymphoma - Cat
3. Chondroma
4. Leiomyoma
5. Inflammatory polyp
6. Oslerus osleri (next to the carina)

Question 20

Sequeal of a tracheal rupture?

Answer 20

1. Pseudoairway - Cats
2. Pseudomediastinum
3. Diverticulum

Question 21

What is the lowest tracheal diameter:thoracic inlet height in: non-brachycephalics, brachycephalics and Bulldogs

Answer 21

1. Non-brachycephalic - 17%
2. Brachycephalic - 13%
3. Bulldog - 9%

Question 22

What is the lowest tracheal diameter:thoracic inlet height in: Cats

Answer 22

DSH: 18%
Persians: 20%

Question 23

What is the most physiologic collapse of the trachea allowed on rads? CT?

Answer 23

26% - Rads
24% - CT cervical
19% - CT thoracic

Question 24

How to generate coughing pressure to assess for tracheal collapse without having the dog cough?

Answer 24

Close mouth and plug nares

Question 25

Signs of an upper airway obstruction (six)?

Answer 25

1. Hyperinflation of the lungs 2. Upper airway dilation (pharynx) 3. Caudal displacement of the larynx (C2) 4. Staightening of the hyoid apparatus 5. GI aerophagia 6. Acquire pectus excavatum

Question 26

Doing what to the mouth will help you assess the paryngeal structures on CT or MRI?

Answer 26

opening 30-45 degrees.

Question 27

What is the expected shortening of a trachea stent overtime?

Answer 27

10%

Question 28

Where does the majority of granulation tissue build up in relation to a tracheal stent?

Answer 28

Cranial to the stent This can be steroid responsive granulomas so try that first.

Question 29

Where do tracheal stent fractures mostly occur?

Answer 29

Dorsocaudal aspect of the stent.