Repro

Question 1

Three parts of the urethra?

Answer 1

Prostatic

Membranous

Penile

Question 2

Difference between cat and dog prostate?

Answer 2

Cat prostate just goes around the dorsolateral aspect of the prostatic urethra Dog is all the way around

Question 3

Where does the external urethral orifice lay in a female

Answer 3

vestibulovaginal junction

Question 4

Retrograde urethragram is done with what type of contrast?

Answer 4

Iodinated, water soluble

Question 5

What views are need to assess the urethra?

Answer 5

Laterals with extended and flexed hips

Lateral obliques

VD

Question 6

How much contrast should be given for urethragram?

Answer 6

5-20ml (50/50 solution)

Take rads while giving the last 2 ml

Question 7

Another way to do a urethragram in a female is?

Answer 7

vaginourethrocystogram

Foley in the vestibule

catheter in the vagina

Clamp vulva shut with foreceps

Fill vagina up with 1ml/kg of contrast and it will leak into the urethra

Question 8

What are complications of urethrogram?

Answer 8

Iatrogenic rupture

Infection

Question 9

What is this?

Answer 9

Urethral plug/obstruction in a male cat

Question 10

How can you tell the difference between a stone and air bubble on urethrogram?

Answer 10

Bubbles are smooth and stones are rough edges

Question 11

The os penis is sometimes mistaken for a urethral calculi when it has a?

Answer 11

Separate center of ossification - rare

Question 12

What is your ddx?

Answer 12

Thickening of the urethral

Neoplasia (TCC)

Inflammation (granulomatosis urethritis)

Question 13

How do you differentiate a stricture from inadequate dilation or spasm?

Answer 13

Irregular margins

Dilations of urethra prox from the lesion

Question 14

Urethral fistulas…are they a thing and if so, when do they happen.

Answer 14

Yes

Previous trauma

congenital

Question 15

What are urethrograms good at diagnosing?

Answer 15

Strictures (congenital, inflammatory, neoplasia)

Calculi

Question 16

DDx for enlarged prostate?

Answer 16

BPH

Prostitis

Cyst

Neoplasia (prostatic or Testicular)

Question 17

Ochitis and testicular tumors can cause the prostate to?

Answer 17

Increase in size

Question 18

Most common prostatic disorder?

Answer 18

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

This is increase in INTERcellular volume rather than an increase in the number of cells

Question 19

Chronic BPH causes what in the prostate?

Answer 19

Cysts! from dilations of ducts and spaces

Question 20

Cysts can predispose the prostate to what?

Answer 20

Infection…just like cystic endometreosis

Question 21

Second most common condition of the prostate?

Answer 21

Prostitis - mostly bacterial

1. Hard for antibiotics to reach
2. Can be a nexis of infection for other systems if not cleared

Question 22

Types of prostitis?

Answer 22

Fluminant hemorrhage and emphysematous causing rupture

to

Mild

Question 23

What can a ruptured prostate cause

Answer 23

Peritonitis (abscessed prostate or just prostitis)

Question 24

Uterus masculinus is?

Answer 24

Cystic expansion of the muellerin ducts causing uterine like structures just dorsal to the bladder.

Question 25

Is prostatic adenocarinoma common? Where does it like to spread?

Answer 25

No Regional LN, lungs, liver

Question 26

Clinical signs of prostatic disease?

Answer 26

Ribbon like feces Stranuria, hematuria, pyuria Abdnormal gait Painful on abdominal palpation

Question 27

What is the vesicoprostatic sign/junction?

Answer 27

Question 28

Prostate that exceeds 90% of the sarcal pubic distance is suggestive of?

Answer 28

Neoplasia, abscess, cyst aka mass lesion However, size is hugely variable! anything can be anything. BPH up to 10x the normal size

Question 29

Inflammation around the prostate can cause?

Answer 29

Focal loss of detail.. look for that also

Question 30

Mineralization of the prostate is indicative of?

Answer 30

Long standing prostatis Neoplasia

Question 31

Whispy or streaked mineralization in an early neutered dog is concerning for?

Answer 31

NEOPLASIA

Question 32

Intrapelvic, prostatic and urinary tumors like to mets to?

Answer 32

Lumbar and sarcal vertebra (ventral body)

Question 33

Poor prognostic indicators for prostate disease include

Answer 33

Gas in prostate Invasion or compression of urethra

Question 34

Should contrast in the prostate from urethrogram be concerning?

Answer 34

Only if it pools... small amounts in the ducts is fine Filling defect of the dorsal urethra at the level of the prostate is normal

Question 35

The prostate is easier to image from what side of the os penis on US?

Answer 35

The right

Question 36

Symmetrical enlargement likely?

Answer 36

BPH Though chronicity and cyst development can fuck up symmetrical enlargement

Question 37

Prostatic disease is common in cats T/F

Answer 37

FALSE... very rare

Question 38

How far out from parturition does certain bones mineralize?

Answer 38

Question 39

Signs of fetal demise on ultrasound?

Answer 39

Overlapping of skull bones No heart beat Fetus curled into tight ball Gas in within or around fetus Collapse of fetal skeleton