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H&N > Larynx, Pharynx &Oesophagus > Flashcards

Larynx, Pharynx &Oesophagus Flashcards

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1
Q

The pharynx Extends from

A

the base of
skull to level of C6 vertebra(inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

The pharynx is divided into

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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3
Q

Ant. The pharynx is connected to

A

to the nose (called choanae)
to the mouth,
to the larynx (voice box).
through a tube called the auditory tube, the inner lining of the pharynx is also connected to the mucous membrane inside the middle ear cavity.(tympanic cavity)

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4
Q

Thenasopharynxis found between

A

the base of the skull and the soft palate

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5
Q

Function of nasopharynx

A

performs a respiratory function by conditioning inspired air and propagating it into the larynx.

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6
Q

The nasopharynx is linned with what epithelial cell

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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7
Q

Specified location of the nasopharynx

A

 Posterior to nasal cavity
Inferior to sphenoid
bone
 Superior to level of soft
palate

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8
Q

Closed off during swallowing by the soft
palates’ uvula And contains pharyngeal tonsils

A
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9
Q

The posterosuperior nasopharynx contains the____ tonsils, which enlarge between years of age and then regress.

A

adenoid
3-8

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10
Q

Location of the Oro pharynx

A

 Postreior to the oral cavity
Extends inferiorly from level of the soft
palate to level of the
epiglottis

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11
Q

Functions of the Oro pharynx

A

Air passes through
Involved in voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing

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12
Q

Epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

The Oro pharynx contain contains

A

Lymphoid Palatine and Lingual tonsil
1/3rd of the tongue
Sup. Constrictor muscles

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14
Q

The lateral wall is formed by

A

the thyroid cartilage
and the
thyrohyoid membrane.

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15
Q

laryngopharynxis located @

A

between the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6).

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16
Q

Where’s piriform fossae found

A

lat. to laryngeal inlet

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17
Q

What type of muscles are at the laryngopharynx

A

Middle & inf. Pharyngeal constrictor( Thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus)

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18
Q

What are the 4 groups of tonsils in the pharynx

A

Palatine
Lingual
Pharyngeal
Tubal

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19
Q

What are the classes of muscles in the pharynx

A

Circular– Sup. Mid. Inf. Constructor muscles
Longitudinal– Stylopharyngeus & Salpingopharyngeus

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20
Q

Whats the motor innervation of the circular muscles

A

Sup.(located@ oropharynx) = vagus & glossopharyngeal N
Mid.(laryngopharynx), Inf.(thyrophageous & cricopharyngeus)(Laryngopharynx)= vagus N

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21
Q

The longitudinal muscle receives motor innervation from

A

Stylo pharyngeal:the glossopharyngeus nerve (cranial nerve IX).
Palato pharyngeus & Salpingo pharyngeusfrom the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

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22
Q

Sensory innervation in the pharyngeal mucous membrane

A

Nasal pharynx:The maxillary nerve (V2)
Oral pharynx: The glossopharyngeal nerve

Laryngeal pharynx: The internal laryngeal branch of the vagus
nerve

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23
Q

What’s the blood supply ti the pharynx

A

Arterial supply to the pharynx is via branches of theexternal carotidartery via
Ascending pharyngeal artery

Tonsil Branches of the facial artery

Branches of the lingual and maxillary arteries.

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24
Q

Venous drainage if the pharynx is achieved by

A

thepharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into the internal jugular vein.

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25
Adenoid hypertrophy
Obligatory mouth breathers Affect the ear
26
LARYNX
27
Location of the larynx
It is situated below the tongue and hyoid bone and btw the great blood vessels of the neck and lies at the level of C4 to C6
28
The larynx is covered in front by the
infrahyoid strap muscles and at sides by the thyroid gland
29
The cartilage of the larynx consists of
9 cartilage Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis one each Arytenoid, corniculte, cuneiform 2 each
30
is composed of two sheets (_______), which join anteriorly to form the
Laminae Laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)
31
The posterior border of each sheet project superiorly and inferiorly to form the superior and inferior horns (also known as cornu) The superior horns are connected to _________ while the inferior horns articulate with_____.
Hyoid bone via Lat. Thyrohoid lig. Cricoid cartilage
32
The cricoid cartilage is a complete circle Articulating sup. With ______ & pst/inf with ______
inf. Conus/horn of thyroid cartilage with the paired  arytenoid cartilages
33
_________ is a leaf-shaped lamina of elastic cartilage lies behind the root of the tongue It's stalk is attached to ____ back of the thyroid
Epiglottis
34
The sides of the epiglottis are attached to the
arytenoid cartilages by the aryepiglottic folds of mucous membrane.
35
The epiglottis mucous membrane extends onto the tongue as a fold in the middle called and on the sides called These folds and extensions help to form different parts of the throat and create small depressions called .
(median glossoepiglottic fold) (lateral glossoepiglottic fold) vallecula
36
______ cartilage are triangular in shape and come in pairs. connected to the upper edge of another cartilage called the .
Arytenoid cartilage cricoid cartilage
37
What are the 3 points of the arytenoid cartilage involved in
They have a top point, a front point involved in producing sound, and a large side point involved in muscle control.
38
____ are two small conical-shape cartilage that articulate with arytenoid cartilage and gives attachment to _______
Corniculate cartilage Aryepiglottic folds
39
_________ are the 2 small rod shaped cartilage found in the aryepiglottic fold and strengthen them
Cuneiform cartilage
40
The vocal fold is composed of ____ fibres and run from _______ to____________
Elastic fiber Arytenoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
41
The force or strength of the air we exhale determines the _____ sound produced and ______ play's a role in producing different pitches or tones.
Volume The length and tension of the vocal cords also
42
What's the sensory innervation of the larynx above and below the vocal cords
Above = internal laryngeal branch of sup. laryngeal branch of the vagus Below = Recurrent laryngeal N
43
Whtas the motor innervation of the larynx
All intrinsic muscle of the larynx except cricothyroid muscle is supplied by supplied by the Recurrent Laryngeal nerve The cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of vagus
44
What's the blood supply to the larynx
Upper half: Sup. Laryngeal branch of d Sup. Thyroid artery Lower half: Inf. Laryngeal branch of the Inf. Thyroid artery
45
The oesophagus
46
The oesophagus begin @ Going down at the midline BT as it depends it moves to the ____
Cricoid cartilage @C6 The left
47
What are the dimensions of the oesophagus
Length- 25cm Cervical-4cm Thoracic-20cm Abdominal-1.25cm Width-2cm
48
The oesophagus is usually collapsed unless when eating or drinking
49
Which part of the oesophagus is the narrowest
the beginning of the esophagus where it meets the pharynx (pharyngo-esophageal junction) And where the oesophagus enters the diaphragm
50
The trachea and esophagus initially form a single structure. Two lateral septa (partitions) grow and divide this structure, giving rise to the trachea in the front and the esophagus at the back.
51
the esophagus has four layers: And it's covered by
mucous membrane, sub-mucosa, muscle coat, and an outer fibrous layer Thin loose CT
52
the esophagus passes across completely to the left @ ____@___ vertebrae and then descends through the posterior mediastinum
the transverse part of the aortic arch (a major blood vessel), T3-T4
53
At the level of _______ , the esophagus pierces through the diaphragm
(T10)
54
The esophagus ends at the _____, which is the upper part of the stomach, around the level of______.
cardiac end (T11)
55
What are the curvature of the oesophagus and locations
Antero-posterior curvatures: These curvatures align with the cervicaland thoracic curvatures of the spine Lateral curvatures: there are 2 lat. Curvatures both lying to the left 1st @ the level of C6, which is at the base of the neck. 2nd between the T5 and T7 vertebrae, which are in the middle and upper back.
56
The esophagus is the narrowest part of the digestive tract, except for the
vermiform appendix
57
There are how many constrictions of the oesophagus and their location
4 B-- Beginning of the oesophagus 6inches from incisors A-- Aortic arch = 9inches from incisors L-- Left bronchus = 11inches from incisors D-- Diaphragm = 15 inches from incisors
58
These constrictions are important to consider when performing procedures like endoscopy in the esophagus.
59
What are the sphincters of the oesophagus
Upper oesophageal sphincter-- btw pharynx and oesophagus relates to cricopharyngeal muscle Lower oesophageal sphincter-- just below the diaphragmatic hiatus.
60
Which sphincter is very important but not easily distinguishable
Lower oesophageal sphincter
61
What are the relations of the oesophagus
Ant. : trachea and recurrent Laryngeal nerve assends on both sides beside the oesophagus via a groove Pst. : Pre vertebral layer of deep cervical fascia, Longus coli & spine Lat. : thyroid gland & carotid sheath
62
What's the blood supply to the oesophagus@ cervical part, thorax& abdominal part
Cervical= Inf. Thyroid artery Thorax= oesophageal branch of the aorta Abdominal= Left grastric artery & Branches of Splenic artery The left gastric artery & Splenic artery supplies the pst. Part of the abdominal oesophagus
63
What's the venous drainage to the oesophagus
Upper part is brachiocephalic vein Mid part is azygous vein Lower part is left gastric vein
64
Lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus
Proximal 3rd is the deep cervical LN Mid 3rd is the Sup. & Pst. Mediastinal N Distal 3rd left gastric artery to the gastric and celiac LN
65
What's the Nerve supply to the oesophagus
Sympathetic & parasympathetic Para The upper half of the esophagus is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve The lower half of the esophagus is supplied by the oesophageal plexus. This plexus is primarily formed by two vagus nerves Symp The sympathetic nerve supply to the esophagus originates from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chain
66
What's the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the oesophagus
The sympathetic innervation helps regulate the sphincter tone and the relaxation of the esophageal wall, preventing reflux and ensuring proper swallowing. Parasympathetic promotes the movement of food through the esophagus and the relaxation of the esophageal sphincters, facilitating digestion
67
The most common congenital anomaly in the oesophagus is
Toracho oesophageal fistula approximately 90% of cases), the superior part of the oesophagus ends in a blind pouch and the inferior part communicates with the trachea.
68
The most common presenting complaint of cancer of the oesophagus which is not usually recognized until the lumen is reduced by The procedure to check is known as?
is dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), 30-50%. Oesophagoscopy
69
Enlightenment of what lymph nodes cna suggest oesophageal cancer
Enlargement of the inferior deep cervical lymphnodes also suggests oesophageal cancer
70
Compression of the _____ nerves by an oesophageal tumour produces Hoarsness
recurrent laryngeal
71
The most common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is
Heartburn or pyrosis The pain may radiate to the neck, throat, orjaw
72
What's Achalasia Cardia
When someone with Achalasia Cardia eats, the lower end of the esophagus doesn't open up properly to allow the food to pass into the stomach
73
What's Oesophageal varices It can be caused by what dxs
Oesophageal varices are enlarged veins in the lower part of the oesophagus due to high pressure in the portal vein this can be caused by liver cirrhosis

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