Last Bit Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What is Cultural relativism
A
different rights are relevant in different cultural contexts.
2
Q
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
A
defines the basic civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights that human beings should enjoy.
3
Q
What is Portfolio investment
A
Portfolio investment: investing in another country’s securities
4
Q
What are economic liberalist views on human nature
A
Individuals act in rational ways to maximize their self interest
5
Q
What are economic liberalist views on relationship among individuals, society states, and markets
A
When individuals act rationally markets are created to produce distribute and consume goods markets function best when free of government interference
6
Q
What are economic liberalist views on relationship relationships between domestic and international society
A
International wealth maximize with free exchange of goods and services on the basis of comparative advantage international economy gains
7
Q
What do mercantilism/ economic nationalism view human nature
A
Humans are aggressive, conflictual tendencies
8
Q
What do mercantilism/ economic nationalism view on relationships among individuals, society, states, and markets
A
Goal is to increase state power achieved by regulating economic life economic is subordinate to states interest
9
Q
What do mercantilism/ economic nationalism view on relationships between domestic and international society
A
International economy is conflictual insecurity of anarchy breeds competition states defend themselves
10
Q
What are economic radicalism views on human nature
A
naturally cooperative as individuals conflictual in groups
11
Q
What are economic radicalism views on relationships among individuals, society, states, and markets
A
competition occurs among groups particularly between owners of wealth and laborers
groups relations are conflictual and exploitive
12
Q
What are economic radicalism views on relationships between domestic and international society
A
conflictual relationships because of inherent expansion of capitalism
seeks radical change in international economic system
13
Q
what are the central propositions of mercantilism
A
national power and wealth tight connected
trade provides one way for countries to aquire wealth from abroad only if balance of trade is positive
Bullionism
Some types of economic activity are more valuable than others
14
Q
what is bullionism
A
states should deter or forbid the outflow of specie (gold and silver)
15
Q
what are mercantilisms ideas behind economic wealth
A
instrument of state power
16
Q
what is Jean-Baptiste Colbert
A
idea states need to accumulate gold and silver to guarantee power
17
Q
what is protectionism and who believed in it strongly
A
Measures to protect ones own economy from foreign competition in the name of national interest
Hamilton
18
Q
what is economic nationalism
A
Powerful states compete economically; their economic policies are subservient to the national interest (defined as the quest for power).
19
Q
what form of economic ideology should states use to strengthen their economy
A
States should practice interventionism to strengthen their economy.
20
Q
in economic nationalism how is trade seen
A
Trade is viewed as a zero-sum game.
21
Q
who is known for their ideas advocating free trade
A
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
22
Q
what is economic liberalism
A
minimal gov intervention
free trade between states
worldwide wealth is maximized by trade
23
Q
who believed in economic liberalism
A
Adam smith
24
Q
what did Adam smith believe about human kind
A
humans acting rationally in self interested ways leads to benefits for all
25
what is the key role for multinational corporations (MNCs)
promote the internationalization of production
26
what is the role of the state (Wealth of Nations) in classical liberalism
Protecting society from invasion of other states (National defense)
Protecting every member of society from injustice and oppression from other members (Justice)
Creating and maintaining certain public institutions (+ public goods)
27
what is marxism/radicalism
Emphasis on classes & class struggle
Labor vs. Capital
economy a site of exploitation and inequality
International relations crucially affected and shaped by the hidden workings of global capitalism
28
what is economic radicalism
A reaction to the excesses of the colonial period and the industrial revolution
Marxism: society is conflictual.
Competition and conflict between owners of means of production and workers
Capitalists accumulate resources at the expense of the working class and those in the developing world.
29
what is the International Monetary Fund and what does it do
provides stability in exchange rates.
Fixed exchange rates
Floating exchange rates (1976)
After the United States ended the convertibility of dollars to gold, monetary cooperation became the responsibility of the Group of 7 (G7).
Short-term loans to countries facing temporary crisis
Encouraging structural adjustments and providing policy advice on macroeconomic issues and economic restructuring
30
what is the world bank and what does it do
Lends funds, with interest, for economic development projects
Lending is designed not to replace private capital but to facilitate the use of private capital.
Much of its funding has been used for infrastructure projects: hydroelectric dams and basic transportation needs such as bridges and highways.
31
what is The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and what does it do
Based on reciprocity concessions granted by one government is met by another
Provided a forum for the multilateral reduction of trade barriers
Negotiating rounds addressed different issues or sectors.
32
what re the principles in GATT
Support of trade liberalization
Nondiscrimination in trade; most-favored-nation treatment
Reciprocity
Support for the national treatment of foreign enterprises
33
what happened to GATT in 1995
GATT became a formal institution, renaming itself the World Trade Organization (WTO).
34
what are the liberal principles in the GATT
Each state produces and exports what it can produce relatively more efficiently.
States import goods that other states can produce relatively more efficiently.
Trade and international wealth are maximized.
35
what is the Heckscher-Ohlin theory
The Heckscher-Ohlin theory posits that countries will export goods that use the most intensive endowments of the state.
36
what is The World Trade Organization
govern international trade relations
In contrast to the GATT (treaty), it is a formal intergovernmental organization
Incorporated the general areas of GATT’s jurisdiction and expanded jurisdiction in services and intellectual property.
37
what are the 3 core functions of the WTO
Provides a forum for trade negotiations and unlike the GATT, a permanent institutional structure
Monitors compliance with trade agreements negotiated by states (GATT, GATS, TRIPs, etc.), which contain the rules of the trading system.
Reporting requirements
Provides a venue for dispute settlement, and enforcement
38
what is economic globalization
Economic: Increasing integration of economies around the world through flows of :
International trade
Short- term capital (portfolio investment)
Foreign direct investment (by MNCs)
People (labor)
Technology
39
what other dimensions does globalization account for
non-economic dimensions: cultural, political and environmental
40
what is a multinational corporation
Companies that manage production establishments in at least two countries
41
can chains break their value chains
To an unprecedented degree, firms are able to break up their value chains and locate each discrete activity according to comparative advantage
42
what are macroeconomic policies
Microeconomics policies: policies on regulation, subsidies, competition, and antitrust actions
43
what are the 2 forms of micro policies
Fiscal policies
Monetary policies
44
what are fiscal policies
Fiscal policies: affect state budgets by setting spending levels and tax rates
45
what are monetary policies
Monetary policies: control the money supply
46
what are international macroeconomic policies
Exchange rates
Trade policies like tariffs and nontariff barriers
47
what are exchange rates
Exchange rates: the price of currency in relation to another (floating/fixed rates)
48
what are tariffs
taxes on goods and services crossing borders
49
what are nontariff barriers
restrictions on international trade designed to protect health, safety, or national security
50
what are current accounts
Current accounts: measure the net border flows between countries of goods, services, government transfers, and income on capital investments
51
what are capital accounts
Capital accounts: describe the flows of capital between countries, including foreign direct investment and portfolio investment in and out
52
what are balance of payments
Balance of payments: a country’s current and capital account balances
53
what are regional trade agreements
Agreements among three or more countries in a region to reduce barriers to trade among themselves
54
what is the Malthusian dilemma
the prediction that population
increases will outstrip the food resources
55
what flaws does the Malthusian dilemma face
did not take into account demographic transition
Population does not increase unchecked.
Increases in income associated with declining birth rates
Technology: increased food yields, birth control
56
Is population increase uniformly distributed
No poorer countries have higher birth rates and lower life expectancy
57
Realist beliefs on human security issues
Realists: state primacy is not in jeopardy, though the concept of security has
been broadened.
58
Liberals beliefs on human security issues
Liberals: transnational issues are compatible with liberal views of human security
and multiple actors.
59
Constructivist beliefs on human security issues
Constructivists: transnational issues demonstrate a changing discourse; both
material factors and ideas shape the debate.
60
What are the 2 types of migrants
Voluntary and forced
61
What are voluntary migrant
Economic or labor migrants
Skilled or unskilled
62
What are forced migrants
Refugees
Internally displaced persons
Human trafficking victims
63
What is a refugee
A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her
country because of persecution, war, or violence.
Well-founded fear of persecution for race, religion,
nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular
social group.
Protected under international law by the UN Refugees
Convention
64
What is a asylum seeker
An asylum seeker is a person who has left their country and is
seeking protection from persecution and serious human
rights violations in another country.
65
What is the most significant right of being a refugee
non-refoulement
66
What is non-refoulement
the right of refugees not to be returned to a country
where they risk persecution.
67
What commission protects refugees
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is responsible for protecting
refugees until they are granted asylum or return home
68
What is a asylum seeker and how does it differ from a refugee
An asylum seeker is a person who has left their country and is seeking protection
from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country.
Migrants are considered asylum seekers when they have not yet been legally
recognized as refugees and are waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim.
69
Whatnot an internally displaced person
person who has been forced to flee his or her home for the same reason as a refugee, but remains in his or her own country and has not crossed an international border
70
What is the difference between refugees and idps
Internally displaced persons are not protected by international law or eligible to receive many types of aid
71
What are realist views on migration
Realists: states are sovereign, so they have the right to admit or deny people
into their state and to prioritize their national interests.
Protection from external threats is vital
72
What are liberals views on migration
Liberals: domestic politics and preference formation as well as domestic constraints will influence migration policies.
The migration crisis highlights the importance of domestic-level variables.
73
What are constructivists views on migration
Constructivists: identities play a key role in migration policies.
74
How is global migration managed
Thru interstate collaboration
75
What is public health
health as a non-excludable public good and a fundamental human right
76
What are communicable diseases
mainly local in their transmission and epidemiology
77
What are global public goods
Benefits are enjoyed by all countries, even if they have contributed little to the
campaign
78
What are noncommunicable diseases
so-called lifestyle-related
issues, plague both developed and developing countries, accounting
Often have affordable treatments
79
What is global health governance
The collective transnational action to address public health concerns across borders
Its goal is to manage public wellbeing by way of collective action
As a consequence of globalization, governments must turn increasingly to international cooperation to attain national public health objectives
80
What is an example of an early international cooperation in public health
International Sanitary
Regulations (ISR)
81
What is the revised version of the ISR
International health regulations
82
Is the IHRs a binding instrument of international law
Yes
83
What is the primary organization involved in global health
WHO
84
What is the WHOs job
include monitoring epidemics, coordinating international
responses to them, collaborating with other actors, promoting health
equality, etc..
85
How are realist perspectives on health
have a narrow view of security, focusing on states’ abilities to
respond to outbreaks and prepare against the threat of bioweapons
86
How are liberals perspectives on health
consider international cooperation a necessity and a win-win
proposition for all
87
How are constructivist perspectives on health
reactions to health crises depend on the prevailing
ideational framework
88
What are global commons
Resources shared by all members of the international community
89
When do problems occur for global commons or commons in general
When a resource is open to all without limit
No one has an incentive to conserve, because others would use the resource in the meantime, so the resource suffers degradation
Each user gains the full benefit of further resource extraction, while the costs of overexploitation are shared by all the communities that use the resource
90
Who suffers the cost of pollution
Everyone
Pollutor itself does not pay for costs directly but pass it onto others in community
91
What are the 2 conceptual perspectives to protect global commons
Collective goods and sustainability
92
What are collective goods
Collective goods: need to achieve shared benefits by overcoming conflicting interests; Hardin’s concept of the commons
93
What is Sustainability
Sustainability: policies that promote change that neither damages the environment nor depletes finite resources
94
What are public goods
Nonexludable and nonrival
95
What are common pool resources
Nonexludable and rival
96
What ais the tragedy of the commons
Collective goods problem means shared benefits can be achieved ONLY overcoming conflicting interests
97
What are negative externalities
Costly unintended consequences
98
What can help manage externalities and costly consequences that face the environment
International cooperation
99
What is being done to institutionalize environmental issues and to protect
Series of soft laws developing to protect the environment
100
What are examples of soft laws that are in place to protect the environment
No significant harm principle
Good neighbor principle
Polluter pays principle
Precautionary principle
Preventive action principle
101
Besides states who else plays a prominent role in protecting global commons
IGOs and NGOs
102
What is one of the main problems with solving climate change
The costs of solutions are immediate but benefits emerge after decades
No inexpensive substitutes for agriculture communications and industrial processes
103
What are the main objectives the UNs framework convention on climate change adopted
To stabilize GHG emissions in the atmosphere at a level that allows ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change so that food production is not threatened
While enabling economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner
104
What responsibility’s do the states in the UN take to fight climate change
All parties commit to report and to take action to mitigate causes & effects of CC
BUT only developed countries (Annex I Parties) have specific obligations to reduce emissions (quantified targets & timelines)
105
What is intergenerational equity
fairness among generations in the use and conservation of natural resources (shared Earth)
106
What is precautionary principle
where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation
107
What is the conference of the parties (COP)
Governing body that ensures the guiding principles and institutions of the UN framework convention on climate change
108
What is the Kyoto Protocol
UN framework convention on climate change first instrument w legally binding obligations for limits and reductions of emissions
109
What are the provisions of the Kyoto protocol
Developed states agreed to reduce emissions.
Less developed states are not obligated.
Provides flexible mechanisms to meet goals
Trading of emissions rights
Credits earned from carbon sinks
Credit for aiding other states in meeting standards
110
Did the United States join the Kyoto Protocol
No said
Reducing emissions is too costly for the United States.
The United States is uniquely dependent on fossil fuel.
Less developed states have an unfair competitive advantage since they are not obligated to make changes.
Markets are the best way encourage change.
111
What did the Paris agreement do
Each country makes a nationally determined contribution – or commitment as to how they will contribute to reducing the threat of global warming
It can be achieved in different ways
GHG gas
Renewable energy target
Forest protection
112
What is adaption to climate change
shifting resources into preparing for and remediating the effects of climate change
113
What are examples of adaption to climate change
Using scarce resources more efficiently
Using drought resistant crops
Achieving energy efficiency
Adopting stronger building codes to prepare for extreme weather events
114
What are the cons of adaption to climate change
Adaptation is very costly; the costs are immediate whereas the benefits are not.
115
What is the argument of the global north on their perspective on the environment issues
Many environmental problems stem from the population explosion.
The developing world should enact policies that slow population growth
116
What is the argument of the global south on their perspective on the environment issues
Many environmental problems are the result of the industrial world’s excesses
The North exploited the environment in an unsustainable way and should therefore bear the cost of reduced energy consumption and environmental cleanup
117
What are realist views on the environment
traditional emphasis on state security and self-help
Security requires a strong population, a self-sufficient food supply, and a dependable supply of energy
Addressing environmental concerns clashes with states’ pursuit of power
118
What are liberals views on the environment
an interdependent international system makes environmental issues ripe for cooperation
Interdependence, international organizations, and human ingenuity may provide solutions
119
What are constructivist views on the environment
study how elites define the problem and how ideas change over time
