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Pol 203 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are alliances

A

Alliances are commitments by states to cooperate in security policy

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2
Q

When are alliances formed

A

When states have compatible interests in military cooperation
Established to strengthen commitments to allies and signal to potential rivals a credible commitment to fight together

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3
Q

What are the different types of alliances

A

Bilateral or among several states ( NATO)
Asymmetrical or symmetrical
Offensive or Defensive

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4
Q

What is an example of a bilateral defensive alliance

A

US maintaining military bases in Japan

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5
Q

What is an example of asymmetrical defensive alliance

A

US pledging to defend South Korea but SK no do same but in exchange US maintain bases in East Asia and SK contribute to US military efforts in the region

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6
Q

What is an offensive alliance

A

States agree to jointly attack a third country

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7
Q

What is an example of a bilateral offensive alliance

A

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact or German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
Agreement to divide Poland between 2 countries

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8
Q

What are collective security organizations

A

Form around common interests that all states are presumed to share
Example UN

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9
Q

What is the goal of collective security

A

To achieve collective action to deter end and prevent recurrence of interstate and civil wars

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10
Q

What is the UN main goal

A

Preserve and restore peace

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11
Q

What was the main difference between the UN and the league of nations

A

UN has enforcement powers

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12
Q

What did the UN do?

A

Established a universal collective security system

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13
Q

What were the two fundamental features of the UN collective security system?

A

Prohibition of the use of force among the community states
Agreement that the community will come to the aid of any of their member against which force is threatened or used

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14
Q

What was the purpose of the UN charter?

A

Maintain international peace and security
To develop friendly relations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self determination
To cooperate in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems, and promoting respect for human rights

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15
Q

What is the UN general assembly?

A

Main deliberative policy making and representative organ of the UN
Includes all members
Each state gets one vote need 2/3 supporting votes for decisions

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16
Q

What is the UN Security Council?

A

Primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security
15. Members five permanent 10 non-permanent.
Each have one vote
Need nine votes, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members

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17
Q

Is there a veto if so, by who?

A

Yes, Vito by the five permanent members, France, Great Britain Russia, China and the US

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18
Q

What is the realist manifestation of a liberal idea

A

Concept of states cooperating on a collective security project built on international law and centered around an international organization consists with liberal thinking

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19
Q

Since the UN Security Council is responsible for peace and security what powers does it hold?

A

Can determine what constitutes a threat and what measures should be taken
Can use force

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20
Q

Which 2 ways does the security council enforce collective security

A

Peace enforcement through the authorization of the use of force - coercion against an aggressor
a) Military intervention
b) Humanitarian intervention
International peacekeeping forces - Send peacekeepers to act as a buffer between belligerents

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21
Q

What are the 2 main devices of the UNSC ai mee at preserving or restoring international peace and security

A

Peace enforcement missions: coercive military interventions

Peacekeeping missions: negotiated between UN and states

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22
Q

What is peacekeeping

A

Peacekeeping operations are authorized by the Security Council, with the consent of the host government

Member states provide personnel + equipment

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23
Q

What are the 3 principles of peacekeeping forces

A

Impartiality
Deployed w the consent of parties to the conflict
Avoidance of the use of force (only in self defense)

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24
Q

What is military intervention/ peace enforcement

A

authorizes stronger action by member states when there is a threat to international peace and security and peacemaking efforts fail

Multinational force authorized by the UNSC that:

Is not neutral
Is not consensual
It is authorized to wage war to accomplish its political goals

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25
What is an example of military intervention
Restoring sovereignty of Kuwait after Iraq invasion
26
When was peacekeeping operations high
During Cold War more common than peace enforcement
27
What is the responsibility to protect idea
argues that sovereignty entails not only rights for a state, but also responsibilities in particular, a responsibility to protect its citizens from gross violations of human rights.
28
What is humanitarian intervention
Military intervention in a state, without the approval of its authorities, with the purpose of preventing suffering or death among inhabitants violation of the principle of non-intervention
29
How does bargaining form a model of war
War resorts from failed bargaining over something states value but have conflicting interests over
30
What is crisis bargaining
Crisis bargaining is a bargaining interaction when at least one actor threatens to use force if its demands are not met.
31
What is coercive diplomacy
Coercive diplomacy is the use of threats of war to advance specific demands in a bargaining situation
32
What is compellence bargaining
Compellence: A tries to get B to do something—to change the status quo—under threat of force.
33
What is deterrence bargaining
Deterrence: A tries to prevent B from doing something—to maintain the status quo. This preserves the status quo under threat of unacceptable costs.
34
What is war as a failed bargain
War due to incomplete information Information problems prevent a settlement that they both prefer to war War due to commitment problems Even when a settlement is identified, concerns about defection War due to indivisibility Good/territory cannot be divided in a mutually satisfactory manner
35
What is international cooperation?
Actors mutually adjust their behavior to accommodate the actual or anticipated preferences of others in the pursuit of a common goal
36
What is traditional law?
A body of rules, regulating interactions among states between states and IGO’s, and in more limited cases among IGO‘s states and individuals
37
What are two ways to make international laws?
Customary international law Develop slowly overtime as states recognized practices as appropriate and correct International treaties Typically originated in a convention that brings together a substantial number of states Creates obligations Once finalized international legal treaties must be ratified by each member Once ratified the state has opted to be bound by international law
38
What are the two things that international cooperation entails and depends on?
To sign a treaty creating international laws which creates obligation To comply with the obligation compliance
39
What is the role of International law-enforcement
Enforcement mechanisms in promoting compliance
40
What is a strong example of strong enforcement mechanisms?
UN charter chapter Vll Sanctions and military action
41
What are the three perspectives about the importance of international law?
Realism – critical perspective Neoliberalism – contractual perspective Coordination, collaboration, and commitment problems Constructivism – sociological perspective
42
What is vertical enforcement top down?
An international institution with authority over a state secures compliance
43
What is vertical enforcement bottom up?
National and local courts can enforce international law
44
What is horizontal enforcement?
State secure compliance from other states
45
What is self interest enforcement?
States benefit from the cooperative behavior resulting from the treaties they sign they want to continue to foster that beneficial behavior
46
What is norms and ethics enforcement?
States follow international rules because they are seen as legitimate and doing so is the right thing to do
47
What are international organizations?
They are intergovernmental institutions that: Include at least three states as members Have activities in several states Are created through a formal intergovernmental agreement or treaty charter or statute Have headquarters, executive heads, bureaucracy, and budgets
48
What two types of problems is IGO’s particularly useful for solving
Technical non-political issues for which states are not the best units for problem resolution Collective goods issues
49
What is the European convention of human rights?
Treaty designed to protect human rights, democracy, and the rule of law
50
What is the European court of human rights
Interpret European convention of human rights Individuals in groups can present cases
51
What are international norms?
Standards of appropriate behavior that reflect principle, moral beliefs
52
What are non-governmental organizations
Private voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together to address a common purpose often oriented to a public good Not sovereign, lack resources, available to states Some entirely private others partially rely on government aid
53
How do realist perceive IGO’s and NGO’s
Although IGOs do play a role, they are not independent actors. ➢ Collective action is not effective as states refuse to rely on the collective for the protection of their national interests. ➢ Failures of prominent NGOs demonstrate their weak status in international relations. ➢ Apparent successes of IGOs are easily explained away. ➢ NGOs exist at the pleasure of states.
54
What are liberals views on IGO’s and NGO?
Liberals: IGOs and NGOs do make a difference, providing venues for states and individuals to engage in collective action; they’re effective at addressing transnational issues.
55
What are constructivist beliefs on IGO and NGO?
Constructivists: IGOs and NGOs can be norm entrepreneurs that socialize and teach states new norms.
56
What is the first step in creating a norm
Norm emergence Norm entrepreneurs start pushing for a principled idea at national level → Persuade states (norm leaders) to adopt a new norm • They build transnational coalitions to reach a broader audience • If enough states adopt a norm → “tipping point”
57
What is the second step in creating a norm
Norm cascade • Norm leaders try to “socialize” other states into accepting the new norm • States begin adopting new norm even without domestic pressures • International Institutionalization
58
What is the third step in creating a norm
When norms may become so widely accepted that they achieve a ‘‘taken-for- granted’’ quality • National institutionalization • Conformance with the norm almost automatic
59
What are transnational advocacy networks (TANs)
Activists sharing normative objectives; for example, against land mines, against whaling, against human trafficking, in favor of women’s rights.
60
What do TANs promote
Normative values
61
What are natural rights
people are by nature free and equal and possess rights that are independent of laws, customs, or beliefs of any single society or government.
62
What is the universal declaration of human rights ( UDHR)
defines the basic civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights that human beings should enjoy. Not legally binding soft international law
63
What is a customary international law
people regard it as a common standard of achievement for all people and all nations. (UDHR)
64
What are the 2 binding agreements the UN HR established
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
65
What is the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Emphasizes Western-style rights: the right to life, liberty, and freedom of thought and religion.
66
What is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
• Focuses on “second-generation” rights Minimum material rights that the state must provide to individuals Social rights • Nutrition • Shelter • Health care • Education Economic rights • Work • Fair wages • Adequate living standard • Social security net
67
What was the first legally binding international human rights law
The convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide
68
What enforcement problems do international human rights laws face
Cost/benefit analysis: Gains from cooperation are small, but costs of enforcement are high Interests: States violating rights have little interest in applying the law against themselves
69
What international criminal court
Permanent independent international court established to investigate prosecute and try individuals accused of the most serious crimes Not an agency of the UN Rome statute defines the crimes under ICC Court of last resort
70
What is the difference between the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice
The international court of justice is the principal judicial organ of the UN and settles disputes among states not individuals

Pol 203 (3 decks)

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