last min revision

Question 1

Destructive plate boundary
(oceanic and continental)

Answer 1

• denser oceanic plate subducts below the continental plate
• the plate subducting leaves a deep ocean trench
• fold mountains occur when sediment is pushed upwards during subduction
• oceanic crust is melted as it subducts building pressure, creating composite volcanoes
• frequent and powerful earthquakes

Question 2

Destructive plate boundary
(oceanic and oceanic)

Answer 2

• heavier plate subducts leaving an ocean trench
• built up pressure causes underwater volcanoes
• lava cools and creates new land called island arcs
• frequent and powerful earthquakes

Question 3

Destructive plate boundary
(continental and continental)

Answer 3

• no subduction of continental crust
• fold mountains formed from pile up of continental crust
• frequent and powerful earthquakes

Question 4

constructive plate boundary
(oceanic and oceanic)

Answer 4

• magma rises in-between the gap, forming new land as it cools
• less explosive underwater volcanoes
• paleomagnetism proves sea floor spreading
• shallow focus earthquakes, not usually destructive due to remote location and low magnitude

Question 5

constructive plate boundary
(continental and continental)

Answer 5

• land forced apart forms rift valleys
• the gap will most likely fill with water
• shallow focus earthquakes, moderate magnitude

Question 6

ridge push

Answer 6

• the slope created when plates move apart has gravity acting on it due to higher elevation
• this pushes the plates further apart, widening the gap

Question 7

slab pull

Answer 7

when a plate subducts, the plate sinking into the mantle pulls the rest of the plate with it, causing further subduction

Question 8

conservative plate boundary

Answer 8

• no plates are destroyed so no landforms created
• fault lines can occur
• shallow focus earthquakes, high magnitude

Question 9

conditions for a tropical storm

Answer 9

• warm, deep oceans (27, 50m)
• areas where high and low air pressure meet
• low wind sheer
• coriolis effect, storm spins because the earth is spinning

Question 9

Shield Volcanoes

Answer 9

• Formed by non-viscous lava that flows easily, allowing it to travel over long distances.
• Common at constructive plate boundaries
• Non-explosive, with steady eruptions of fluid lava
• eg Hawaii

Question 9

Composite Volcanoes

Answer 9

• Formed by viscous lava which is thick, leading to build-up of steep cones over time
• Common at destructive plate boundaries
• explosive, due to high gas content and thick lava
• eg Mount Fuji (Japan)

Question 10

Formation of Tropical Storms

Answer 10

• Warm ocean water heats the air above it
• The warm, moist air rises, creating low pressure at the surface
• As the air rises, it cools and forms clouds, releasing heat that makes the storm stronger
• The Earth’s rotation causes the air to spiral and form a storm

Question 11

erosional landforms

Answer 11

• Wave-cut platforms
• caves, arches, stacks and stumps
• cliffs

Question 12

depositional landforms

Answer 12

• beaches
• spits
• bars

Question 13

local scale hazard

Answer 13

2010 Haiti Earthquake (Magnitude 7.0)

Question 14

Economic and Social Impacts (Haiti)

Answer 14

• Economic: $8 billion in damages
• Social: Over 230,000 deaths, 1.5 million displaced

Question 15

Political Response and Community Actions (Haiti)

Answer 15

• Political: Limited government response due to instability, reliance on international aid.
• Community: Local organisations and NGOs played key recovery roles

Question 16

Short-Term Carbon Stores

Answer 16

• Vegetation: Plants absorb CO₂ during photosynthesis.
• Soil: Organic matter decomposes, releasing CO₂.

Question 17

Long-Term Carbon Stores

Answer 17

• Fossil Fuels: Oil, coal, and natural gas formed from ancient organic material.
• Sedimentary Rocks: Carbonates (e.g., limestone) store carbon
• Ocean: Deep ocean waters store large amounts of dissolved carbon

Question 18

Hazard Management Cycle: Pros and Cons

Answer 18

Pros:
- Holistic approach: Covers all stages of hazard management (mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery).
- Allows for ongoing adaptation and improvement.

Cons:
- Requires significant financial resources for effective implementation.
- Potential for neglecting certain phases: Over-emphasis on immediate response may limit long-term mitigation.

Question 19

Park Model: Pros and Cons

Answer 19

Pros:
- Clear visualization: Helps to understand the different phases of disaster recovery.
- Simple and easy to use: Provides a clear framework for analyzing recovery.
- Useful for comparison

Cons:
- Does not account for the complexity of recovery processes
- Focuses primarily on short-term recovery and does not adequately address ongoing vulnerability.
- Assumes a linear recovery process, which is not always the case

Question 20

Sub-aerial processes

Answer 20

• refer to the land-based processes that shape the Earth’s surface
• weathering and mass movement

Question 21

Carbon Trading

Answer 21

• A market-based approach to controlling carbon emissions by providing economic incentives for reducing emissions
• governments set a cap on total carbon emissions.
• Companies are allocated permits, each representing a certain amount of emissions.
• If a company emits less than its allowance, it can sell the excess permits to other companies.
• If a company exceeds its allowance, it must buy additional permits.