LAST MINUTE PAPER 1

Question 1

What are the two types of glucose?

Answer 1

α & β glucose

Question 2

What type of bond links monosaccharides in carbohydrates?

Answer 2

glycosidic bonds

Question 3

What are the two forms of starch?

Answer 3

amylose & amylopectin

Question 4

What is the storage form of glucose in animals?

Answer 4

glycogen

Question 5

What is the structural component of plant cell walls?

Answer 5

cellulose

Question 6

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 6

Amino acids

Question 7

What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

Answer 7

peptide bonds

Question 8

List the four levels of protein structure.

Answer 8

• primary
• secondary
• tertiary
• quaternary

Question 9

What model describes enzyme activity?

Answer 9

lock & key, induced fit

Question 10

What factors can affect enzyme activity?

Question 11

What are the two main types of lipids?

Answer 11

• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids

Question 12

What type of bond is found in triglycerides?

Answer 12

ester bonds

Question 13

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Question 14

What is the basic structure of nucleic acids?

Answer 14

DNA & RNA structure

Question 15

What type of bond links nucleotides in nucleic acids?

Answer 15

phosphodiester bonds

Question 16

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

Answer 16

• A-T
• C-G

Question 17

What type of replication does DNA undergo?

Answer 17

semi-conservative

Question 18

How is ATP resynthesized?

Answer 18

in respiration

Question 19

What is released during the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 19

ADP + Pi

Question 20

What property of water allows it to act as a solvent?

Answer 20

Hydrogen bonding

Question 21

What is the significance of water’s high specific heat capacity?

Question 22

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Question 23

List some key organelles found in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 23

• nucleus
• mitochondria
• ribosomes
• Golgi
• RER
• SER
• lysosomes

Question 24

What is the difference between light and electron microscopes?

Question 25

What is the formula for magnification?

Answer 25

image size ÷ actual size

Question 26

What are the steps in cell fractionation?

Answer 26

* Homogenisation * Ultracentrifugation

Question 27

What is the order of organelles during ultracentrifugation?

Answer 27

* nuclei * mitochondria * ribosomes

Question 28

What model describes the structure of cell membranes?

Answer 28

fluid mosaic model

Question 29

Define osmosis.

Question 30

What is co-transport in cell membranes?

Answer 30

sodium-glucose

Question 31

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 31

* Mitosis (PMAT) * Interphase (G1, S, G2)

Question 32

What is uncontrolled cell division a characteristic of?

Answer 32

cancer

Question 33

What is phagocytosis?

Question 34

What are the two main types of T cells?

Answer 34

* helper * cytotoxic

Question 35

What are the two types of B cells?

Answer 35

* plasma * memory

Question 36

What do antibodies do?

Question 37

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Question 38

What is the role of vaccines?

Question 39

What is the function of alveoli in the lungs?

Answer 39

gas exchange

Question 40

What principle does Fick’s Law illustrate?

Answer 40

large SA, thin membrane, good blood supply

Question 41

What mechanism do fish use for oxygen uptake?

Answer 41

counter-current flow

Question 42

What structures do insects use for gas exchange?

Answer 42

* Spiracles * Tracheae

Question 43

What does amylase digest?

Answer 43

starch → maltose

Question 44

What does maltase digest?

Answer 44

maltose → glucose

Question 45

What does lipase digest?

Answer 45

lipids → fatty acids + glycerol

Question 46

What does protease digest?

Answer 46

proteins → amino acids

Question 47

What are the components of the circulatory system?

Answer 47

* Heart * Blood vessels

Question 48

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 48

* diastole * atrial systole * ventricular systole

Question 49

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 49

* arteries * veins * capillaries

Question 50

What does the O₂ dissociation curve describe?

Answer 50

Haemoglobin function

Question 51

What is the Bohr effect?

Question 52

What theory explains water transport in xylem?

Answer 52

cohesion-tension theory

Question 53

What is the process of translocation in phloem?

Answer 53

mass flow hypothesis

Question 54

What are genes?

Answer 54

sequences of bases coding for polypeptides

Question 55

What is the difference between introns and exons?

Answer 55

- introns nbj

Question 56

What is the process of transcription?

Answer 56

DNA → mRNA

Question 57

What is the process of translation?

Answer 57

mRNA → polypeptide via ribosome + tRNA

Question 58

What are the types of mutations?

Answer 58

* Substitution (silent, missense, nonsense) * Deletion (frameshift)

Question 59

What is the outcome of meiosis?

Answer 59

4 genetically different haploid cells

Question 60

What processes increase genetic diversity during meiosis?

Answer 60

* crossing over * independent assortment

Question 61

What is natural selection?

Answer 61

beneficial alleles increase in frequency

Question 62

What are the two types of selection?

Answer 62

* directional * stabilising

Question 63

What is the hierarchy of taxonomy?

Answer 63

DKPCOFGS

Question 64

What is phylogenetics?

Answer 64

evolutionary trees

Question 65

What is species richness?

Answer 65

- The variety of different species in a population

Question 66

What is the formula for the index of diversity?

Answer 66

D = N(N−1) / Σn(n−1)

Question 67

What is the impact of farming on biodiversity?

Answer 67

- Farming practices reduce biodiversity E.G more trampling on ground and building gates - However, biodiversity can be restored by growing hedgerows and not draining pools of water.

Question 68

What does a large sample size provide in variation investigations?

Answer 68

more reliable results