LAST MINUTE PAPER 2

Question 1

What is produced during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

Answer 1

ATP + NADPH

Occurs in the thylakoid membranes

Question 2

What is the main process in the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?

Answer 2

CO₂ → GP → TP → Glucose

Also known as the Calvin cycle, occurs in the stroma

Question 3

List the limiting factors of photosynthesis.

Answer 3

• Light
• CO₂
• Temperature

Question 4

What are the products of glycolysis?

Answer 4

2 pyruvate + 2 ATP

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 5

What happens during the Link Reaction in cellular respiration?

Answer 5

Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA

Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

Question 6

What are the main outputs of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 6

• NADH
• FADH₂
• ATP
• CO₂

Question 7

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 7

Oxygen

Question 8

What type of respiration produces lactate in animals?

Answer 8

Anaerobic respiration

Question 9

Define GPP and NPP in energy transfer.

Answer 9

• GPP: Total energy
• NPP: Available to consumers

Question 10

What factors affect energy efficiency in ecosystems?

Answer 10

• Energy lost as heat
• Movement
• Undigested material

Question 11

What is the function of a stimulus in the nervous system?

Answer 11

To trigger a response via a receptor

Question 12

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

Answer 12

-70mV

Question 13

What is the sequence of events in a reflex arc?

Answer 13

Stimulus → Receptor → Coordinator → Effector → Response

Question 14

What do Pacinian corpuscles respond to?

Answer 14

Pressure

Question 15

Differentiate between rods and cones in the retina.

Answer 15

• Rods: Black & white, sensitive, low acuity
• Cones: Colour, less sensitive, high acuity

Question 16

What is the sliding filament theory?

Answer 16

Myosin heads pull actin using ATP

Question 17

What are the types of muscle fibers?

Answer 17

• Slow-twitch (endurance)
• Fast-twitch (power)

Question 18

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Answer 18

Genotype: genetic makeup, Phenotype: expressed traits

Question 19

What type of crosses are monohybrid and dihybrid?

Answer 19

• Monohybrid: 1 gene
• Dihybrid: 2 genes

Question 20

What is codominance?

Answer 20

When two alleles are expressed equally, e.g., blood groups

Question 21

What is the purpose of a chi-squared test?

Answer 21

To check if a difference is significant when comparing categories

Question 22

What does the Hardy-Weinberg Equation represent?

Answer 22

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 23

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

Answer 23

• Allopatric: Geographic isolation
• Sympatric: Reproductive isolation

Question 24

Define biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems.

Answer 24

• Biotic: Living factors
• Abiotic: Non-living factors

Question 25

What is the process of ecological succession?

Answer 25

Pioneer species → Climax community

Question 26

What is the role of proto-oncogenes?

Answer 26

To promote normal cell growth; can become oncogenes if mutated

Question 27

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 27

To stop cancer growth, e.g., p53

Question 28

What are the types of stem cells based on potency?

Answer 28

* Totipotent: all cell types * Pluripotent: most types * Multipotent: some types * Unipotent: one type

Question 29

What do transcription factors do?

Answer 29

Control gene expression by activating/repressing genes

Question 30

What is the effect of methylation in epigenetics?

Answer 30

Switches genes OFF

Question 31

What is the effect of acetylation in epigenetics?

Answer 31

Switches genes ON