last part coursecram Flashcards
1
Q
what are the cost/benefits of sex?
A
benefits
* genetic variation
* share investment into gametes
cost
* need to find a mate
* gametes are “expesive”
* only 50% related to offspring
2
Q
why would sex reduce the accumulation of mutations?
A
- most mutations are negtaive
- an asexual reproducing species has no way to escape the accumulation of mutations
3
Q
describe the reproduction tendencies of daphina.
A
- no stress: reproduce asexually
- stress: reproduce sexually
4
Q
what is sexual dimorphism?
A
differences in forms between the sexes
5
Q
what is the difference between intrasexual and intersexual?
A
- intra: competition within same sex
- inter: females pick the most advantageous traits
6
Q
What is the case study of the stalk eyed flies?
A
- shorter stalk will give up to longer stalk
- benefit to invest in ornaments
- short stalk produce less offspring
7
Q
what is mate choice driven by?
A
- direct benefits: potential mate increases the survival or reproductive success of partner (ex. food)
- indirect benefits: advantages like better territory or promise of parental car, mate choice is harder therefore more competition
8
Q
What is the case study of the Grey Tree Frogs? Explain it in terms of mating calls.
A
- more complex calls means that the female assumes better genes in the male, due to increased risk so increased reward
- the longer theh calls in males are associated eith increased larval variability, and faster develop.
9
Q
how do sneaker males work?
A
can mate with females because they resemble females so they are not percieved as a threat
10
Q
what are sneaker males subject to?
A
frequency dependent selection
11
Q
what did tinbergen study?
A
- how much of behaviour is heritable
- believed animals were more than breeding machines
12
Q
What did the example of the sticklebacks demonstrate?
A
- fixed action patterns
- when it saw red, made combative
- showed heritability
13
Q
what is the stimulus for migrations?
A
- simple response to cues
- the cold
- changing angle of sun/daylight
- reduced resources
14
Q
what does social interactions require?
A
communication
15
Q
what are the types of communication?
A
physical, chemical disrupting
16
Q
what are the intraspecies communicatin?
A
physical and chemical communication
17
Q
what is the communication type of fruit fly mating?
A
- physical communication
- fixed action pattern
- tapping, signing, etc
- complex sequence of behaviours that are heritable
18
Q
what type of communication is the gypsy moth?
A
- chemical
- females release pheromones
- detected by males
- short range communuication
19
Q
what is disrupting communication?
A
- turbidity: disruption of visual communication due to cloudiness of water, increases hybrid cline, cichlid fish
- noise pollution: red winged blackbirds, increased frequency of their territoral song in order to compete with anthropogenic noise
20
Q
what are the types of social interactions?
A
- altruism: one sacrifies fitness for the other
- co-operation: fitness benefit to both
- selfishness: one party benefits at the expense of the other
- spit: fitness losses to both parties (males fight to the death)
21
Q
how can we understand altruism?
A
- inclusive fitness: total fitness of an individual is related to individual fitness and fitness of relatives
- hamilton’s rule: a trait is favored by natural selection if the benefit to others, B, multiplied by relatedness, R, exceeds the cost to self, C
22
Q
what is the case study of the ground squirrels?
A
- alarm calling in prairie dogs
- example of kin selection
- usually female callers since females are most related to offspring
- males tend to leave the group to prevent in breeding
23
Q
what is the case study of the hymenopterans?
A
- queen does all the reproducing, females act as works
- boys: develop from unfertalized eggs (haploid) and are clones
- Queen: diploid
- all female works are more related to each other than any of the offspring they would reproduce
- females beenfit more from assisting in the survival of sister, instead of having babies
24
Q
what is the case study of the naked mole rat?
A
one female does the reproducing, but not just from relatedness but fear too
25
when will non relatives share food for vampire bats?
only if there is a chance of recipriocity
26
what are the types of dispersion?
* clumped: requires sociality, patches, close to place of birth
* even: often arises in competitve species, evenly distributred, competition
* random: just is, uncommon
27
what happens when there are unlimited resources the emmigration and immigration are equal?
population is exponential (J shaped)
28
what happens when there is a carrying capacity, to the growth of the popoulation?
logistic growth model (S shaped).
29
what are k selected species?
* low reproduction rate
* high survival for babies
30
what is r selected species
* favour reproduction
* low survivorship
* rarely approach k
31
why does realized r decrease as N approaches K>
* r (reproduction rate), N (pop), K (carrying)
* resources become limiting
* density dependent factors (limited resources)
* denisty independt (birth/death)
* often ends up at Q: equilibrium density
32
what are the types of survivorship curves?
* type one: high survivorship, fewer offspring, invest more in parental care, preg longer, assume higher survival
* type two: birds, survivorship declines at constant rate
* type three: very high mortality, have lots of offspring
33
what is semel and interoparity?
semel: one per lifetime
intero: more than one per lifetime
34
what is the wild carrot case study?
* can be semel or itero
* itero predominanted when adult survivorship is high
35
what is the lynx and hare case study?
* as hare pop expand, their predators grow too, which drives down the hare population with predators collapsing slightly out of phase
* predation hypothesis: if there is prey, more babies will survive since more access to fod
36
what is the difference between ecological and fundamental niches?
ecological: the total sum of biotic and abiotic resrouces that support a pop
fundamental: set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions
37
what is a realized niche?
takes into account reality, smaller
38
what is competition?
* resources are limiting
* antagonostic relationship
* interference: actual fighting, decreases fitness is the cost
* exploitative: both species exploit same species: compromise
* neg, neg
39
what is the competitve exclusion principle?
if two species have very similar fundamental niches, they cannot co exist in the same habitat and eventually one will have to outcompete the other
40
what is the case study of sticklebacks, in terms of competitve exclusion princile and character displacement?
* diff morphologird evolved due to competition in overlapping niches
41
what is predation/parasitism?
* between species
* pos/neg
* can drive co evolution: change in one species drives changes in another (lynx and hare)
* herbivory
42
what is hebivory's adaptation to predation
* resistance: spikes, bad flavour
* tolerance: accept it
43
what is batesian mimicry?
non toxic species looks like a toxic one
44
what is mullerian mimicry?
colour associated with toxicity
45
what is commensalism?
* pos/nothing
* one benefits with affecting other
* barnacles on whale
46
what is mutalism
* pos/pos
* both beenefit
* not all pollincation is this
47
what is ammensalism?
* neg/nothing
* one no affect, one neg
48
what is the shannon diversity index?
number of species in an area
49
what does it mean when it is more diverse?
more resilient, invasive species can;t make a homeqqq
50
what is a climax community?
* stability/end point
* not static, dynamic
* biodiveristy allows ecosystem resilience
51
what is primary succession?
transition in species composition that follows a disturbance, it bouncing back
52
what is secondary succession?
area returns slowly to something it was
53
what is a keystone species?
* keep everything together
* must be present for ecosystem to function
54
descibe sea otters and urchins?
* otters eat urchins
* stops urchins from eating kelp
* maintains healthy kelp forest
