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Developmental Psychology > Late Adulthood > Flashcards

Late Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

within the three substages of late adulthood, which people are at the highest risk for physical and cognitive disabilities?

A) young old

B) old old

C) oldest old

A

C

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2
Q

what are the most common visual impairment in late adulthood?

A) diabetic retinopathy

B) cataracts

C) blurred vision

D) glaucoma

A

B) cataracts

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3
Q

what is the main reason cataracts develop?

A) smoking

B) sun exposure

C) nutrient deficiency

D) biological aging

A

D) biological aging

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4
Q

what is the most common sleep problem of late adulthood?

A) Narcolepsy

B) insomnia

C)Restless Legs Syndrome

D sleep apnoea

A

D sleep apnoea

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5
Q

Your co-worker was talking about how, after the academic year, he is going back to Japan for his grandmother’s kanreki. What is the purpose of this ritual?

To celebrate her 50th anniversary

To celebrate the birth of her first grandson

To celebrate her professional accomplishments as she enters retirement

To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as an elder

A

To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as an elder

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6
Q

Your co-worker was talking about how, after the academic year, he is going back to Japan for his grandmother’s kanreki. What is the purpose of this ritual?

To celebrate her 50th anniversary

To celebrate the birth of her first grandson

To celebrate her professional accomplishments as she enters retirement

To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as an elder

A

To celebrate her freedom from previous responsibilities and elevate her to a respected status as an elder

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7
Q

Bertha has a higher _________ than her younger sister, Edna. Despite the fact that Bertha is 89 and her sister is only 72, Bertha is still able to live independently and even takes a daily walk. Unfortunately, Edna did not live a healthy lifestyle and is now confined to a wheelchair and needs an aide to help her with many of her activities of daily living.

actual lifespan

chronological lifespan

old-age dependency ratio

functional age

A

functional age

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8
Q

Developing countries are faced with difficult challenges in the decades ahead due to the rising old-age dependency ratio. The country with the most serious problem of all is .

China

Japan

South Africa

Australia

A

Japan

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9
Q

The old-age dependency ratio (OADR) refers to the number of .

elderly people living independently compared to the number in nursing homes

elderly people with chronic illnesses compared to the number without any illnesses

elderly people living with extended family compared to the number living with just a spouse

people aged 65 or older compared to the number of people aged 20–64

A

people aged 65 or older compared to the number of people aged 20–64

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10
Q

what is the most common chronic health problem in late adulthood?

A) arthritis

B) Osteoporosis

C) hypertension

D) glaucoma

A

A) arthritis

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11
Q

the risk of __________ rises sharply for women in midlife as a consequence of the steep drop in oestrogen that takes place at menopause.

A) functional age

B) osteoporosis

C) Hearing acuity

D) glaucoma

A

B) menopause

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11
Q

in about 10% of people over age 90, fluid builds up in the eye and the pressure damages the optic nerve, leading to _________ , which causes loss of peripheral vision

A) diabetic retinopathy

B) cataracts

C) blurred vision

D) glaucoma

A

D) glaucoma

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12
Q

age that indicates the actual competence and performance of older adults; may be higher or lower than chronological age

A) actual lifespan

B) chronological lifespan

C) old-age dependency ratio

D) functional age

A

D) functional age

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13
Q

the inevitable biological ageing that takes place in all members of the human species, as it takes place in all living organisms

A) old

B) secondary aging

C) oldest old

D) primary aging

A

D) primary aging

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14
Q

the decline in physical functioning that takes place due to lifestyle behaviours such as unhealthy diet, insufficient exercise and substance abuse, as well as environmental influences such as pollution

A) primary ageing

B) secondary aging

A

B) secondary aging

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15
Q

loss of clarity in the centre of the visual field due to ageing of the visual system

A) macular degeneration

B) cataracts

C) blurred vision

D) glaucoma

A

A) macular degeneration

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15
Q

During late adulthood, .

veins become less visible as a result of the increase in fat layers of the skin

height slowly declines for women, but not for men

body weight increases from middle adulthood because few older adults exercise

loss of bone mass in the jaw makes the face look thinner

A

loss of bone mass in the jaw makes the face look thinner

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16
Q

Your mother has quite a bit of grey hair. She told you that she first started to go grey when she was 32 and keeps getting greyer each year. Which of the following explains why your mother’s hair keeps on greying?

People who grey prematurely experience more greying than others who go grey later in life.

Grey pigments occur more frequently in older adults.

Grey pigments are more concentrated in fair-skinned older adults.

As we age, there is a loss of the pigment that provides colour to the hair.

A

As we age, there is a loss of the pigment that provides colour to the hair.

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17
Q

Which of the following is an example of primary ageing?

Cardiovascular disease

Alzheimer’s disease

Wrinkled skin caused by years of sun tanning

Greying and thinning of the hair

A

Greying and thinning of the hair

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18
Q

After your mother’s operation, she was relieved that all the colours on the television seem more vivid and the headlights on cars now look white again, rather than cloudy. She most likely had surgery for .

macular degeneration

cataracts

glaucoma

tinnitus

A

cataracts

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19
Q

Kareem’s father complains about having to wear a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device at night because it makes it hard for him to sleep. He most likely has .

insomnia

an REM sleep-related disorder

tinnitus

sleep apnoea

A

sleep apnoea

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20
Q

Eloise has been studying the ageing process in her health class. She is dreading getting , a common chronic health problem of late adulthood for which there is no cure, because her grandparents both had it and seemed to be in a lot of pain all the time.

osteoporosis

hypertension

colon cancer

arthritis

A

arthritis

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21
Q

Your grandmother is 78 and just found out that her osteoporosis has become much worse. For her birthday, you thought you would get her a gift to help improve her bone density. What gift should you give her?

Weights to carry with her on her walk

A gift certificate to the organic meat market

A yoga mat and a video with stretching exercises

A gift certificate for zumba classes

A

Weights to carry with her on her walk

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22
Q

Arthritis .

is caused by a steep drop in oestrogen

affects more men than women

is caused by excess exercise in previous decades

has no cure

A

has no cure

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23
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding influences on health in late adulthood?

Participation in exercise increases slightly after age 65 as people have more leisure time.

Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive functioning.

Older adults have more car crashes than 16- to 20-year-olds do, but their crashes are less likely to be fatal.

Smoking rates in New Zealand and other developed countries have increased in the past few decades as a result of more aggressive marketing campaigns.

A

Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive functioning.

24
Q

Beyond infant and child mortality, which of the following makes up the vast difference in life expectancy between developed and developing countries?

Access to health care in late adulthood

The degree of physical labour required of jobs

Carcinogens and toxins in the environment

The type of diet

A

Access to health care in late adulthood

25
Q

________ memory, which is memory for information currently the focus of your attention, declines in late adulthood

A) semantic

B) Working

C) procedural

D short term

A

B) Working

25
Q

Declines take place in certain neurotransmitters in late adulthood, most notably _______, which is especially involved in the functioning of memory

A) dopamine

B) acetylcholine

C) serotonin

D) norepinephrine

A

B) acetylcholine

25
Q

semantic memory can be seen as an aspect of _______ intelligence, which, does not decline as much in late adulthood as _____ intelligence does.

A) crystallised; fluid

B) crystallised; procedural

C) crystallised; linguistic

D) crystallised; interpersonal

A

A) crystallised; fluid

26
Q

in late adulthood a reduction in ______ occurs, which influences movement and motor coordination

A) dopamine

B) acetylcholine

C) serotonin

D) norepinephrine

A

A) dopamine

26
Q

Memory for where a piece of information is acquired is known as .

semantic memory

working memory

procedural memory

source memory

A

source memory

27
Q

Which of the following would you expect a late adult to do best?

Tune out irrelevant information

Keep track of more than one information source simultaneously

Concentrate on a task for an extended period of time

Remember factual information

A

Remember factual information

28
Q

are especially at risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Highly educated people

African Americans

Those with a history of high blood pressure

Individuals who eat a lot of fish and olive oil

A

African Americans

28
Q

When you are reminiscing with your grandfather, you notice that he tends to remember more events from when he was age , probably because so many important life events took place during those years.

5–15

10–30

25–40

40–60

A

10–30

28
Q

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer’s disease is TRUE?

Life expectancy following diagnosis of Alzheimer’s is about 10 years for men and 15 years for women.

Eating a Mediterranean diet increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s because of an associated protein deficiency.

There is no evidence of a genetic basis of Alzheimer’s disease.

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s.

A

There is no cure for Alzheimer’s.

28
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding research on wisdom?

People who hold leadership positions are more likely than others to score high on measures of wisdom.

There has been no empirical research conducted on wisdom because researchers disagree about how it should be measured.

The construct of wisdom has only been studied in New Zealand.

Wisdom increases as people get older, but it increases more for men than for women.

A

People who hold leadership positions are more likely than others to score high on measures of wisdom.

28
Q

Which of the following has been found in research about wisdom?

Wisdom correlates strongly with brain size.

Wisdom is negatively correlated with educational levels.

People who hold leadership positions are more likely to score lower in wisdom.

Wisdom is generally unrelated to age.

A

Wisdom is generally unrelated to age.

29
Q

Which of the following did Baltes define as ‘expertise in the conduct and meaning of life’?

Enlightenment

Dialectical thinking

Post-formal thinking

Wisdom

A

Wisdom

30
Q

Interventions to determine whether cognitive decline can be prevented or even reversed .

have only been conducted with cross-sectional studies

found that only men show significant improvement

found that only men and women from Asian Australian backgrounds show improvement

resulted in significant improvement for a substantial proportion of individuals

A

resulted in significant improvement for a substantial proportion of individuals

31
Q

When renowned pianist Arthur Rubinstein was asked how he managed to maintain a reputation as one of the world’s top concert pianists well into late adulthood, he explained that he had reduced the range of pieces he played, practised each of the remaining pieces more and learned to play very slowly just before beginning a fast passage to make the contrast more effective, since he could not play as fast as when he was younger. Arthur Rubinstein’s behaviours are an illustration of .

improved procedural memory with age

selective optimisation with compensation

habituation

dishabituation

A

dishabituation

32
Q

Wisdom is defined by Baltes as __________ , and wisdom research has focused on rating responses to hypothetical questions.

A) deep insight into human nature and the human condition

B) expertise in the conduct and meaning of life

C) insight and knowledge to everyday problems and life decisions,

D) awareness that human problems often involve multiple considerations and no easy answer

A

B) expertise in the conduct and meaning of life

33
Q

According to Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults maximise their emotional wellbeing by becoming increasingly selective in their social contacts

A) people experience more negative emotions as they get older

B) shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice

C) the elderly tend to withdraw from society due to increased rates of depression in late adulthood

D) the older we get, the more important it becomes to acquire knowledge and become less emotional

A

B) shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice

33
Q

According to Baltes and colleagues, the most successful adaptation to declining physical and cognitive abilities in late adulthood involves _________

A) maintaining physical health, including low risk of disease and disability

B) selective optimisation with compensation

C) maintaining cognitive functioning

D) continued engagement with life

A

B) selective optimisation with compensation

33
Q

Erik Erikson, in his theory of the life span, proposed that late adulthood is when the central challenge is

A) industry versus inferiority

B) ego integrity versus despair

C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.

D generativity versus stagnation

A

B) ego integrity versus despair

34
Q

are more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages.

Sex differences in gender roles

Sex differences in self-esteem

Positive emotions

Negative emotions

A

Positive emotions

35
Q

John grew up in a small town and has gone to every high school reunion, despite moving across the country. Based on the research, at which reunion would he be the least self-conscious and more accepting of his past and present selves?

His 5th-year reunion

His 10th-year reunion

His 30th-year reunion

His 50th-year reunion

A

His 50th-year reunion

36
Q

Drawing upon research studies, which of the following individuals is least likely to report symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Carmen, a 14-year-old

Robert, a 23-year-old

Maren, a 48-year-old

Charlotte, a 68-year-old

A

Charlotte, a 68-year-old

37
Q

Older adults maximise their emotional wellbeing by becoming increasingly selective in their .

career choices

choice of cognitive activities

physical activities

social contacts

A

social contacts

38
Q

Mrs Bourdeau is an Australian widow with a married son and a married daughter. If she becomes ill, she is likely to be cared for by .

her best friend, who is also a widow

her oldest child

her son and daughter equally

her daughter or daughter-in-law

A

her daughter or daughter-in-law

38
Q

Jane recently moved her mother into a(n) and was relieved that she wasactually enjoying it there. Each person has a separate unit, but residents are provided with meals in a common dining area. Transportation is available for shopping and medical appointments, but Jane has been able to arrange her schedule so that she can take her mother to her doctors’ appointments.

nursing home

assisted-living facility

group home

hospice care centre

A

assisted-living facility

39
Q

Which of the following best describes late adulthood relationships in Western culture?

Marital satisfaction is almost as high as it was in middle adulthood.

Women are more likely than men to become depressed after a spouse dies.

Rates of remarriage in late adulthood are higher than in middle adulthood because children are less likely to be living in the same household.

The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women.

A

The risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women.

40
Q

Retirement satisfaction tends to be especially high for .

women

men

well-educated people who had high-status jobs

people who have children who live nearby

A

well-educated people who had high-status jobs

41
Q

Older North Americans .

who are higher in religious practices are more likely to have mental health problems

who are higher in religious practices are more likely to have physical health problems

report higher religious beliefs and practices if they are male than if they are female

are more religious than their younger counterparts

A

are more religious than their younger counterparts

42
Q

Positive emotions were stable from emerging adulthood through middle adulthood and then ________ sharply in late adulthood, while negative emotions declined steadily across the age range

A) increase

B) decrease

C) remain the same

D) stabilise

A

A) increase

43
Q

According to Carstensen and her colleagues (2011), one key reason for increasing socioemotional selectivity in late adulthood is that there are changes in the _______ people have for their relationship

A) expectations

B) goals

C) emotions

D) relationships

A

B) goals

43
Q

At younger ages, the goals that people have for their social relationships are often

A) knowledge-based

B) social based

C) emotion based

D) romance based

A

A) knowledge-based

44
Q

in late adulthood, these goals fade in importance as people leave the workplace and no longer have daily responsibilities as co-workers and parents. Instead, relationship goals become more

A) knowledge-based

B) social based

C) emotion based

D) romance based

A

C) emotion based

45
Q

Far from being a time when despondency is common, late adulthood is more often a time of ________

A) nervousness and anxiety

B) contentment and peace.

C) worthlessness and sadness

D) anxiety and depression

A

B) contentment and peace.

46
Q

positive emotions and _______ more common in late adulthood than at earlier ages, but _______ symptoms are lower, including periods of enduring sadness, guilt and suicidal thoughts

A) self evaluations; depressive

B) self evaluations; anxiety

C) negativity; depression

D) negativity; anxiety

A

A) self evaluations; depressive

47
Q

Marital satisfaction increases from middle adulthood to late adulthood and reaches its ________ of the entire life span

A) highest point

B) lowest point

C) stable point

D) saddest point

A

A) highest point

48
Q

Most older adults adjust well to _______,

A) retirement

B) financial considerations

C) job satisfaction

D) family changes

A

A) retirement

48
Q

people who choose to retire generally experience _________ in their physical and mental health following the transition, whereas people who retired involuntarily tend to _______.

A) improvements; decline

B) declines; improve

C) no change; no change

D) no change; declines

A

A) improvements; decline

Developmental Psychology (30 decks)

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