Lateral Cervical Region Flashcards
(34 cards)
The skeleton of the neck includes what?
Cervical vertebrae C1-C7, hyoid, manubrium of the sternum and the clavicles.
What important organs are located in the neck?
The larynx, thyroid, and parathyroid glands.
Function of the hyoid?
Attachment for anterior neck muscles and a prop to keep the airway open.
What is the subcutaneous tissue of the neck and where can you find it?
It is the superficial cervical fascia composed of a thin layer of connective tissue. It lies between the dermis and the deeper layer of the deep cervical fascia.
Anterolaterally the superficial cervical fascia contains the platysma, what is the platysma?
A muscle of facial expression that arise from the subcutaneous tissue covering the superior parts of the deltoid and pec. major. It runs from these muscles superomedially over the clavicle to the inferior border of the mandible.
The deep cervical fascia contains three layers which are what?
Investing, pretracheal, and prevertebral (these fascial layers allow the muscles in the neck to move and slide over each other easily)
Investing layer of deep cervical fascia is the most superficial of the three deep cervical layers, what neck muscles does it “invest”, or cover, and where does it attach? (Several attachments)
At the four corners of the neck it splits into superficial and deep layers of fascia to “invest” the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. It attaches superiorly to the superior nuchal line, mastoid process, zygomatic arches, inferior border of the mandible, hyoid and spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae.
Inferiorly it attaches to the manubrium of the sternum, clavicles, acromions and spines of the scapulae.
Pretracheal layers of deep cervical fascia is thin and is limited to the anterior part of the neck, where does this deep cervical fascial layer attach?
Extends inferiorly from the hyoid into the thorax where it blends with the fibrous pericardium that covers the heart.
The pretracheal layers has a muscular layer and a visceral layer, what is included in each of these divisions of the pretracheal layer?
The muscular part encloses the infrahyoid muscles. The visceral layer encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus and is continuous posterosuperiorly with the buccopharyngeal fascia.
The carotid sheath is a tubular fascial investment that extends from the base of the cranium and runs to the root of the neck. Anteriorly it blends with the investing and pretracheal layers of fascia and posteriorly with the prevertebral fascial layer. What is enclosed in this carotid sheath?
- Common and internal carotid arteries
- Internal jugular vein
- Vagus nerve (CN 10)
- Some deep cervical lymph nodes
- Carotid sinus nerve
- Sympathetic nerve fibers (carotid periarterial plexuses)
The prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia is the deepest layer of the deep cervical fascia and forms a tubular sheath for the vertebral column and the muscles associated with it, what muscles are associated with it?
Anteriorly - longus colli and longus capitis
Laterally - scalenes
Posteriorly - deep cervical muscles
(Fused at cranial base and the anterior longitudinal ligament at about T3)
The retropharyngeal space is located between the visceral part of the prevertebral layer and the buccopharyngeal fascia. The alar fascia crosses this retropharyngeal space and is attached where?
Along the midline of the buccopharyngeal fascia from the cranium to C7, then extends laterally to blend with the carotid sheath. This space permits movement of the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and trachea during swallowing.
What are the four major regions of the neck?
1) Sternocleidomastoid region
2) Posterior cervical region
3) Lateral cervical region
4) Anterior cervical region
SCM region divides the neck into anterior and lateral cervical regions. What are the two heads of the SCM and where do they attach?
- Sternal head attaches to the manubrium of the sternum.
- Clavicular head attaches to the superior surface of the medial third of the clavicle.
Platysma Origin? Insertion? Innervation? Action?
O: Fascia covering superior parts of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles.
I: Inferior border of mandible, skin, and subcutaneous tissues of lower face.
Innervation: Cervical branch of facial nerve (CN 7)
Action: Draws corners of mouth inferiority and widens it as in expressions of sadness and fright; draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched indicating tension
Sternocleidomastoid Origin? Insertion? Innervation? Action?
O: Sternal head - anterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum Clavicular head - superior surface of medial third of clavicle
I: Lateral surface of mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line.
Innervation: Spinal accessory nerve (CN11; motor); C2 and C3 nerves (pain and proprioception)
Action:
Unilateral - Tlts head to same side (lateral flex neck) and rotates it so face is turned superiorly toward opposite side.
Bilateral - 1) extends neck at atlanto-occipital joints 2) flexes cervical vertebrae so that chin approaches manubrium 3) extends superior cervical vertebrae while flexing inferior cervical vertebrae so chin is thrust forward while keeping head level. With cervical vertebrae fixed, may elevate manubrium and medial end of clavicles, assisting pump-handle action of deep respiration.
The roots of the brachial plexuses appear between the anterior and middle scalene muscles, what is the segmental innervation for this plexus?
Anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 (these 5 rami unite to form the superior, middle and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus). This plexus travels between the clavicle, first rib and superior border of scapula to make its way to the axilla, innervation most of the upper limb
The suprascapular nerve arises from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus and innervates what muscles?
The supraspinatus and infraspinatus of the posterior aspect of the scapula.
Cervical plexus has superficial branches and deep branches, what kind of nerve fibers are involved with each branch? What is the segmental innervation?
Superficial branches that initially pass posteriorly are cutaneous branches (sensory). The deep branches passing anteromedially are motor branches (these include the root of the phrenic nerve and the ansa cercicalis).
Cutaneous branches of the cervical nerve plexus emerge around the middle posterior border of the SCM (nerve point of neck)…what do these branches of the cervical nerve plexus supply?
- Skin of neck
- Superolateral thoracic wall
- Scalp between auricle and the EOP
Lesser occipital nerve Innervates? Segmental innervation?
Supplies the skin of the neck and scalp posterosuperior to the auricle (C2)
Great auricular nerve innervates? Segmental innervation?
Supplies the skin over the parotid gland, the posterior aspect of the auricle, and the area of skin extending from the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process (C2-C3)
Transverse cervical nerve innervates? Segmental innervation?
Supplies the skin covering the anterior cervical region (C2 and C3)
Supraclavicular nerves innervates? Segmental innervation?
Superficial - small branches to the skin of the neck and cross the clavicle to supply the skin over the shoulder (anterior rami of C3-C4)
Deep - the motor branches supplying the rhomboids (dorsalscapular C4-C5), serratus anterior-long thoracic nerve (C5-C7) and nearby prevertebral muscles.
