Lateralization

Question 1

Cerebral commissures

Answer 1

connect the two halves of the brain

Corpus Collusum

Question 2

Aphasia

Answer 2

deficit in language comprehension or production due to brain damage

usually on left

Question 3

Broca’s area

Answer 3

in left inferior prefrontal cortex

expression and speech

combines sounds into words

Question 4

Damage of broca results in

Answer 4

Broca’s aphasia

unable to speak fluidly

lots of nouns

Question 5

Sodium amytal test

Answer 5

Anesthetize one and check for language function

Question 6

Dichotic listening

Answer 6

Report more digits heard by the dominant half

Question 7

Functional brain imaging for lateralization tests

Answer 7

fMRI or PET used to see which half is active when doing a language test

Question 8

Left hemisphere is speech dominant in which “handers?”

Answer 8

almost all dextrals - right-handers most sinistrals

left-handers

Question 9

what happens when you cut the corpus collosum?

Answer 9

each hemisphere functions independently

Question 10

Apraxia

Answer 10

difficulty performing movements when asked to do so out of context, also a consequence of damage on the left.

Question 11

Dual foci of attention

Answer 11

split-brain hemispheres can search for target item in array faster than intact controls

Question 12

one hemisphere will suffice if task is…

Answer 12

easy

Question 13

extra hemisphere is needed to process a what kind of task?

Answer 13

If task is difficult

Question 14

Z lens

Answer 14

Can be used to assess each hemisphere’s understanding of spoken instructions by limiting essential visual information to one side of brain

Question 15

What kind of info somehow passes between hemispheres?

Answer 15

emotional information

Question 16

Right hemisphere superiority

Answer 16

Spatial ability
Emotion
Musical ability
Some memory tasks

Question 17

Left hemisphere superiority

Answer 17

Language

superior in controlling ipsilateral movement

Question 18

Planum temporale

Answer 18

Wernicke’s area

Question 19

Heschl’s gyrus

Answer 19

Primary auditory cortex

Question 20

Frontal operculum

Answer 20

Broca’s area

Question 21

All theories propose that it’s better to have brain areas that have …..

Answer 21

similar functions be in the same hemisphere

Question 22

Analytic-synthetic theory

Answer 22

Two modes of thinking :
analytic (LH)
synthetic (RH)

Vague and essentially untestable

“The darling of pop psychology”

Question 23

Motor theory

Answer 23

Left controls fine movements – speech is just a category of fine movement

Left damage may produce speech and motor deficits

Question 24

Linguistic theory

Answer 24

Primary role of left hemisphere is language

Question 25

Evolution of Lateralization of Function:

Answer 25

Some nonhuman primates: Tend to use their right hand for communicative gestures, particularly when vocalizing Have right hemisphere superiority for facial expression and identity, suggesting that evolution of laterality preceded evolution of hominids

Question 26

Language localization

Answer 26

place within the hemisphere of language circuitry

Question 27

Arcuate fasciculus connects to the...

Answer 27

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Question 28

Left angular gyrus is posterior to the...

Answer 28

Wernicke’s area

Question 29

damage to the Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 29

causes conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words just heard) Comprehension and speech normal

Question 30

damage to the Left angular gyrus

Answer 30

causes alexia (inability to read) and agraphia (inability to write) Comprehension of language-related visual input

Question 31

Surgery that destroys only Broca’s area

Answer 31

has no lasting effects on speech

Question 32

Removal of much of Wernicke’s area

Answer 32

has no lasting effects on speech

Question 33

Activity in brain areas for specific cognitive processes . . .

Answer 33

underlie language-related behaviors have functions independent of language are likely to be small, widely distributed, and specialized

Question 34

Bevalier’s fMRI study of reading was about

Answer 34

cortical involvement in reading

Question 35

Reading sentences versus control periods (strings of consonants)

Answer 35

Areas of activity were tiny and spread out Active areas varied between subjects and trials Activity was widespread

Question 36

is there language in the brain beyond the wernicke and geschwin model?

Answer 36

YES!

Question 37

Dyslexia

Answer 37

reading difficulties not due to some other deficit (e.g., vision, intelligence)

Question 38

Developmental dyslexia

Answer 38

– apparent when learning to read Heritability estimate = 50%, More common in boys than girls Various subtle visual, auditory, and motor deficits are commonly seen Genetic component – yet the disorder is also influenced by culture

Question 39

Acquired dyslexia

Answer 39

Due to brain damage Relatively rare (deep dyslexia) extensive damage to left-hemisphere language areas

Question 40

Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms

Answer 40

Perhaps a deficit of phonological processing rather than sensorimotor processing Brain differences identified, but none seems to play a role in the disorder Multiple types of developmental dyslexia – possibly multiple causes

Question 41

Lexical

Answer 41

using stored information about words

Question 42

Surface dyslexia

Answer 42

lexical procedure lost. Can’t recognize words. loss of visual recognition of words (cannot “look and say”) Surface: “steek” for “steak”

Question 43

Phonetic

Answer 43

sounding out

Question 44

Deep dyslexia

Answer 44

Phonetic procedure lost. Can’t sound out unfamiliar words loss of ability to “sound out” unfamiliar words or “nonwords” Deep: “hen” for “chicken”

Question 45

How is it that lexical abilities are spared?

Answer 45

Lexical abilities may be housed in left language areas that are spared Lexical abilities may be mediated by the right hemisphere Evidence for both exists