latin 2 final content flashcards
(45 cards)
what are the components of an indirect statement?
Essentially, an indirect statement in Latin:
1. is introduced by a verb of perception
2. lacks a subordinating conjunction equivalent to the English “that”
3. has a subject in the accusative
4. has a verb in the infinitive
how does a complex sentence change when subordinated in an indirect statement?
the main clause takes a subject accusative and verb infinitive like a regular indirect statement, while the subordinate clause appears with a subjunctive verb according to sequence rules (which are taken off of the overall main clause of the statement).
what time does the infinitive in an indirect statement represent?
relative time
what is a purpose clause?
a type of clause used to indicate a relationship of relation/purpose between two clauses
what are the distinct features of a purpose clause?
Purpose clauses in Latin are constructed through a subordinate clause subordinated by a main clause, with the verb of the main clause in the indicative and the verb of the subordinate clause in the subjunctive. The clauses are introduced by the conjunction ut (in the positive) or nē (when negated).
what kind of time do purpose clauses express?
relative time
what tenses (for both main and subordinate clauses) make up the primary sequence of a purpose clause?
present, future, perfect (present completed), and future perfect indicative verbs in the main clause and present or perfect subjunctive verbs in the subordinate clause
what tenses (for both main and subordinate clauses) make up the secondary sequence of a purpose clause?
imperfect, perfect (past simply), and pluperfect indicative verbs in the main clause or imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive verbs in the subordinate clause
how is the ut in a purpose clause in primary sequence translated?
in order that…may
how is the ut in a purpose clause in secondary sequence translated?
in order that…might
what is a relative clause of purpose?
relative clauses introduced with relative pronouns or relative adverbs to denote a specific sense of purpose with a clear antecedent (as opposed to the broad sense of purpose in purpose clauses)
how are relative clauses of purpose introduced?
with verbs of motion like eō, mittō, veniō
how do you translate relative clauses of purpose?
The relative pronouns in a relative clause of purpose may be translated as “who/which/that/in order that/they.”
how do you identify an indirect command?
it’s introduced by a verb of perception, like hortārī, imperāre, monere, petere, quaerere, iubere
what tenses can the indirect command be in?
Because indirect commands represent actions that can only occur after the command, the only possible subjunctives in indirect commands are the present subjunctive (primary sequence) and imperfect subjunctive (secondary sequence).
how is an accusative duration of time translated?
The accusative duration of time is translated as “for_____.” Sometimes the preposition per is used to strengthen the accusative duration
how is an ablative of time translated?
The ablative of time when is translated as “at____” or “on_____.”
how is an ablative of time within which translated?
It is translated as “within____” or “in_____.”
what is a relative clause of characteristic?
A relative clause or characteristic indicates a sort of person or thing being indicated. Unlike purpose clauses and indirect commands, relative clauses of characteristic can use the perfect and pluperfect subjunctives, as well as the present and imperfect subjunctives. Relative clauses of characteristic also follow primary or secondary sequence rules. These clauses are typically translated as “of the sort/that…..”
Quis est quī
Who is there (of the sort) who…(would)
Quid est quod
What is there (of the sort) that…(would)
Nēmō est quī
There is no one (of the sort) who…(would)
Nihil est quod
There is nothing (of the sort) that…(would)
Sunt quī
There are people (of the sort) who…(would)
