latin 2 final content flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
what are the components of an indirect statement?
A
Essentially, an indirect statement in Latin:
1. is introduced by a verb of perception
2. lacks a subordinating conjunction equivalent to the English “that”
3. has a subject in the accusative
4. has a verb in the infinitive
2
Q
how does a complex sentence change when subordinated in an indirect statement?
A
the main clause takes a subject accusative and verb infinitive like a regular indirect statement, while the subordinate clause appears with a subjunctive verb according to sequence rules (which are taken off of the overall main clause of the statement).
3
Q
what time does the infinitive in an indirect statement represent?
A
relative time
4
Q
what is a purpose clause?
A
a type of clause used to indicate a relationship of relation/purpose between two clauses
5
Q
what are the distinct features of a purpose clause?
A
Purpose clauses in Latin are constructed through a subordinate clause subordinated by a main clause, with the verb of the main clause in the indicative and the verb of the subordinate clause in the subjunctive. The clauses are introduced by the conjunction ut (in the positive) or nē (when negated).
6
Q
what kind of time do purpose clauses express?
A
relative time
7
Q
what tenses (for both main and subordinate clauses) make up the primary sequence of a purpose clause?
A
present, future, perfect (present completed), and future perfect indicative verbs in the main clause and present or perfect subjunctive verbs in the subordinate clause
8
Q
what tenses (for both main and subordinate clauses) make up the secondary sequence of a purpose clause?
A
imperfect, perfect (past simply), and pluperfect indicative verbs in the main clause or imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive verbs in the subordinate clause
9
Q
how is the ut in a purpose clause in primary sequence translated?
A
in order that…may
10
Q
how is the ut in a purpose clause in secondary sequence translated?
A
in order that…might
11
Q
what is a relative clause of purpose?
A
relative clauses introduced with relative pronouns or relative adverbs to denote a specific sense of purpose with a clear antecedent (as opposed to the broad sense of purpose in purpose clauses)
12
Q
how are relative clauses of purpose introduced?
A
with verbs of motion like eō, mittō, veniō and personal pronouns like quī/quō/unde/ubi instead of ut
13
Q
how do you translate relative clauses of purpose?
A
The relative pronouns in a relative clause of purpose may be translated as “who/which/that/in order that/they.”
14
Q
how do you identify an indirect command?
A
it’s introduced by a verb of asking, like hortārī, imperāre, monere, petere, quaerere, iubere
15
Q
what tenses can the indirect command be in?
A
Because indirect commands represent actions that can only occur after the command, the only possible subjunctives in indirect commands are the present subjunctive (primary sequence) and imperfect subjunctive (secondary sequence).
16
Q
how is an accusative duration of time translated?
A
The accusative duration of time is translated as “for_____.” Sometimes the preposition per is used to strengthen the accusative duration
17
Q
how is an ablative of time when translated?
A
The ablative of time when is translated as “at____” or “on_____.”
18
Q
how is an ablative of time within which translated?
A
It is translated as “within____” or “in_____.”
19
Q
what is a relative clause of characteristic?
A
A relative clause or characteristic indicates a sort of person or thing being indicated. Unlike purpose clauses and indirect commands, relative clauses of characteristic can use the perfect and pluperfect subjunctives, as well as the present and imperfect subjunctives. Relative clauses of characteristic also follow primary or secondary sequence rules. These clauses are typically translated as “of the sort/that…..”
20
Q
Quis est quī
A
Who is there (of the sort) who…(would)
21
Q
Quid est quod
A
What is there (of the sort) that…(would)
22
Q
Nēmō est quī
A
There is no one (of the sort) who…(would)
23
Q
Nihil est quod
A
There is nothing (of the sort) that…(would)
24
Q
Sunt quī
A
There are people (of the sort) who…(would)
25
Sōlus est quī
He is the only one (of the sort) who…(would)
26
what is a participle?
A participle has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. There are four types of participles: present active, present passive, future active, and future passive.
27
what are the four type of participles and how are they translated?
There are four types of participles: present active, present passive, future active, and future passive.
The present active participle has the ending -ns, -ntis, with the 3rd i-stem and 4th conjugations changing the stem value to -ie-. This participle is translated as "___ing."
e.x. vocāns, vocantis, movēns, moventis, capiēns, capientis
The perfect passive participle is just the fourth principal part of the verb. Its endings are typically in -tus. The perfect passive participle is translated as "(having been) ___ed."
e.x. vocātus ( -a, -um), mōtus, rēctus, captus, audītus
The future active participle takes the fourth principal part/perfect passive participle and modifies the ending, dropping the -us and switching it to -ūrus. It is translated as "about to____" or "going to_____."
e.x. vocātūrus, mōtūrus, rēctūrus, captūrus, audītūrus
The future passive participle takes the present stem and adds an -ndus, -a, -um ending to it. The future passive participle is translated as "having to be ____ed."
e.x. vocandus, movendus, regendus, capiendus, audiendus
28
what are the participles of īre?
The present active participle of īre is iēns, euntis. The future passive is eundum. For future active it's itūrus.
29
what are the different possible translations of a participle translated as a subordinate clause?
In a temporal translation, the participle can be translated as "While____, ____."
e.x. Marcus ad forum iēns interfectus est → While Marcus was going to the forum, he was killed.
I
n a causal translation, the participle can be translated as "Because ____, ____."
e.x. Marcus ad forum iēns interfectus est → Because Marcus was going to the forum, he was killed.
In a concessive translation, the participle can be translated as "Although _____, _____." This translation is sometimes indicated by the inclusion of the adverb tamen.
e.x. Marcus ad forum iēns interfectus est → Although Marcus was going to the forum, he was killed.
In a conditional translation, the participle can be translated as "If _____, ____."
e.x. Marcus ad forum iēns interficiātur → If Marcus should go to the forum, he would be killed.
The decision to take this translation depends on the context.
30
what is the ablative absolute?
When the participle and ablative noun are paired together, with no connection to the rest of the sentence, it is called an Ablative Absolute. The ablative absolute functions as a subordinate clause and can also take on the temporal/causal/concessive/conditional translations of the circumstantial participle.
Two nouns (or a noun-adj pair) in the ablative can also form an ablative absolute.
e.x. Rōmulō rēge, fēlīx erat urbs → When Romulus was king, the city was fortunate.
31
what is an active periphrastic and how is it translated?
A future active participle combined with a form of sum is called an active periphrastic, and indicates a future or intended action (the participle) viewed from another point in time (the sum). It can be translated word for word, starting with the form of sum.
e.x. We are going to depart/We were going to depart/We shall be about to depart.
32
what is a passive periphrastic and how is it translated?
A passive periphrastic consists of a future passive participle (-ndus ending) with a form of sum, and indicates that an action is obligatory. The gender and number of the subject determine the ending of the participle in both the active and the passive periphrastic. Usually, a dative noun will be used with the passive periphrastic to express the agent/person by whom the action must be done. This Dative of Agent is usually used instead of the Ablative of Personal Agent.
ex: Must be ruled/Have to be ruled/Had to be ruled/Will have to be ruled
33
what are the five possible types of infinitives?
the present active infinitive, the present passive infinitive, the perfect active infinitive, the perfect passive infinitive, and the future active infinitive.
The present active infinitive is the standard, second principal part infinitive. It is translated as "to____" and has endings in -āre/-ēre/ere/īre.
The passive active infinitive looks like the deponent, with the final -e of the 2nd principal part being changed to an -ī. It is translated as "to be ___ed," and looks like vocārī/movērī/regī/capī/audīrī.
The perfect active infinitive is the perfect -isse ending infinitive. It is translated as "to have ___ed" and always ends in -isse.
The perfect passive infinitive is the perfect passive participle/fourth principle part + esse. It is translated as "to have been ___ed."
e.x. vocātus esse, mōtus esse, rēctus esse, captus esse, audītus esse
The future active infinitive is the future active participle + esse. It is translated as "to be going to ___." Though this infinitive exists, it is rarely used.
e.x. vocātūrus esse, mōtūrus esse, rēctūrus esse, captūrus esse, audītūrus esse
34
what are the defining characteristics of an indirect statement?
the indirect statement is introduced by a verb of perception (speaking, thinking, knowing, perceiving), has a subject in the accusative case (the Subject Accusative), and has a verb in the infinitive.
35
what can sometimes be omitted/dropped in an indirect statement?
Along with this, the esse of compound infinitives (such as the future active and perfect passive infinitive) may sometimes be omitted, leaving just the participle.
36
how is the indirect statement translated?
the subject accusative is typically the first word of the indirect statement in Latin, and the word "that" should be added at the beginning of the translation for an indirect statement.
37
what is the impersonal voice in an indirect statement?
Impersonal voices of indirect statements ("It is said that") in Latin exist in the personal construction of the Indirect Statement, which uses the subject of the indirect statement as the subject of the (passive) verb of perception (i.e. Marcus dīcitur → Marcus is said to be). Verbs of perception which take on the compound perfect passive form can also create indirect statements which begin with "It was said that…" and take the entire indirect statement as an impersonal subject.
38
how is the comparative adjective formed?
For the comparative degree of adverbs, which are translated like "more ___ly", the original stem of the adjective is retained and an -ius ending is added (i.e. pulchrius, fortius).
39
how is the superlative adjective formed?
For the superlative degree, the original stem of the superlative is retained, but a -e ending is added (i.e. fortissimē).
40
what is an ablative of comparison?
Typically, quam is used to construct sentences of comparison. However, when something is taken to be the absolute standard of a particular quality, an Ablative of Comparison is used instead of quam.
e.x. Patria mihi vītā meā est cārior → The homeland is dearer to me than my life
In this case, life is viewed as the absolute standard of dearness, and thus is included as an ablative.
41
what is the ablative degree of difference and partitive genitive?
an ablative (neuter + singular) substantive or noun in the ablative can be used to communicate the degree/amount by which something differs (Ablative of Degree of Difference). You can also combine this ablative with a partitive genitive (i.e. Fortissimus omnium es. → You are the bravest of all people).
e.x. Multō altior est fīlius quam pater → The son is much taller than his father.
42
what are purpose clauses that use adjectives of comparison typically introduced by?
Purpose clauses which use adjectives/adverbs of comparison typically are introduced by quō instead of ut.
43
how is the addition of quam to a superlative adjective translated?
Quam, when added to a superlative, is translated as "as ____ as possible."
e.x. Quam clārissima est vōx eius → Her voice is as clear as possible.
44
how are direct questions indicated?
it's possible for direct questions to be indicated by:
1. the -ne ending attached to the end of the first word
2. nothing at all
3. nōnne, if the question is expecting a positive answer
4. num, if the question is expecting a negative answer
5. interrogative pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs
45
what is a double direct question?
A double direct question is essentially an either/or question. They can be introduced by "Utrum…an…", "-ne….an…", or ".....an….". The appropriate English translation for these are "Will you…or…". Negative double direct questions use an nōn instead of an.
46
what might subjunctive verbs in a direct question indicate? how is the direct question affected by rules of sequence?
Subjunctive verbs in direct questions may be used to indicate that the subject is in deliberation, with primary sequence (present) subjunctives being used to indicate deliberation in the present or future, and secondary sequence (imperfect) subjunctives being used to indicate deliberation in the past (Deliberatives). These are frequently translated with the English word "should."
e.x. Quid nunc agam? → What should I do now? OR Quid illō tempore agerem? → What should I have done at that time?
47
what are the characteristics of an indirect question?
The verb of an indirect question (e.x. I do not know what those poets think about the nature of the gods) is in the subjunctive and follows the rules of sequence.
48
what words can indirect questions be introduced with?
Indirect questions can be introduced by the interrogatives used to introduce direct questions (such as quid, quis, etc.), but in the absence of an interrogative, the corresponding indirect question can be introduced with num or an, translated as "whether" (whether is also the translation used for utrum).
49
how do you indicate "or not" in an indirect question?
Unlike double direct questions, double indirect questions use necne to indicate "or not", rather than an nōn.
50
what is a doubting clause?
Indirect questions introduced by num, an, or another interrogative, and preceded by a verb of doubting are called doubting clauses. When the doubting is negated (I did not doubt that), the doubting clause is introduced by quīn (that).
51
what is considered when translating cum clauses?
Clauses with the subordinating conjunction cum are translated depending on context and the mood of the verb they subordinate.
52
how can you translate a cum clause if the verb is in the indicative?
If the mood of the verb is indicative, then the clause is either temporal or circumstantial. Temporal clauses are translated as "(at the time) when", and circumstantial clauses are translated as "(under the circumstances) when."
53
how can you translate a cum clause if the verb is in the subjunctive in primary sequence?
If the mood of the verb is subjunctive in primary sequence, the clause can be causal or concessive. Causal clauses are translated with "Since/because", and concessive clauses are translated with "Although".
54
how can you translate a cum clause if the verb is in the subjunctive in secondary sequence?
If the mood of the verb is subjunctive in secondary sequence, the clause can be circumstantial, causal, or concessive.
55
how are subjunctives in cum clauses translated?
Subjunctive verbs in cum clauses are translated as though they were in the indicative; their subjunctive nature reflects only the relative time at which they occur.
56
how do you translate cum clauses that contain the conjunction dum/dōnec?
When a verb follows conjunctions like dum, dōnec, antequam, priusquam, quod, and quia, the verb being in the indicative means that the action is represented by the speaker as factual. When the verb is in the subjunctive, the action is alleged/nonfactual.
When the conjunction is dum/dōnec, it is translated as "while/as long as/until" in the indicative, and "until…should" in the subjunctive.
e.x. Dum/dōnec mē amābās, fēlīx eram → As long as you were loving me, I was happy.
e.x. In illō locō manēbant dum/dōnec verba Cicerōnis audīrent → They were remaining in that place until they should hear the words of Cicero.
57
what is a gerund? what is a gerundive?
Gerunds are verbal nouns and gerundives are verbal adjectives, meaning nouns or adjectives that hold a verbal meaning.
58
how is the gerund formed?
The gerund is formed by adding -ndī (genitive), -ndō (dative + abl), and -ndum (acc) endings to the present stem. This looks like videndī (gen), videndō (dat/abl), and videndum (acc).
59
what happens when a gerund is used in the genitive w/ causā or gratiā?
When used in the genitive with causā or grātiā, the gerund expresses purpose.
e.x. videndī causā → for the sake of seeing
60
what happens when a gerund is used in the accusative w/ ad?
When used in the accusative with ad, the gerund also expresses purpose.
e.x. ad videndum → for the purpose of seeing
61
how is the gerundive formed and translated?
As opposed to a verbal noun (the gerund), the gerundive is a verbal adjective that does not exist in English. It is identical to the future passive participle, and has the -ndus endings. However, it does not carry a sense of obligation the way the future passive participle does. In English, it is translated as a gerund with a direct object.
e.x. dōnīs mittendīs → by sending gifts OR cupidus librōrum legendōrum → desirous of reading books
62
what happens when a gerundive is used in the genitive w/ causā or gratiā?
When used in the genitive with causā or grātiā, the gerundive expresses purpose.
e.x. regis videndī causā → for the sake of seeing the king
63
what happens when a gerund is used in the accusative w/ ad?
When used in the accusative with ad, the gerundive also expresses purpose. Sometimes, however, the accusative gerundive can also standalone express purpose, without the ad.
e.x. ad rēgem videndum → for the purpose of seeing the king
64
what is the function of demonstrative adverbs/adjectives?
Demonstrative adverbs/adjectives point out a degree/amount/quality ("so"/"such").
e.x. tot → so many, tam → so
65
what is the function of interrogative adverbs/adjectives?
Interrogative adverbs/adjectives have three functions:
1. to make exclamations (exclamatory)
e.x. Quam altus est! → How tall he is! (exclamatory)
2. to ask questions (interrogative)
e.x. Quam altus est? → How tall is he? (interrogative)
3. in sentences expressing comparisons to correlate with corresponding demonstrative words (relative)
e.x. Tam ingrātus est. → he is so ungrateful (demonstrative)
Tam altus est quam pater → He is as tall as his father. (relative)
66
what do tantō...quantō or eō...quō express?
Tantum and quantum can appear as ablatives degree of difference in statements of comparison. These can also be substituted with quō for quantō and eō for tantō.
e.x. Quantō fortius pugnābis, tantō magis fāmam capiēs. → The more bravely you fight, the greater renown you'll win.
67
what are result clauses? what are their key characteristics?
Result clauses are a type of subordinate clause that indicates a relationship of result. The result can be either likely to occur, actually occurring, or having occurred. Result clauses are introduced by ut and have verbs in the subjunctive. They are usually signalled by an adjective or adverb of degree in the main clause, such as: adeo, ita, sic, tam, tot, tantus, talis. The ut in a result clause can be simply translated as "that," or more explicitly denoted by "with the result that."
68
how do you determine is the result in a result clause is likely to happen or actually happens/happened?
Result clauses with a result that is either likely to happen or actually happens/happened have verbs in the subjunctive. Whether the result is likely to happen or concrete depends on context.
69
how are result clauses negated?
Instead of nē, result clauses are negated with ut…nōn, ut…nēmō, or ut…numquam.
70
what happens when result clauses are paired with verbs like accidere, fierī, facere, and efficere?
Result clauses can also function as subjects or direct objects using verbs like accidere to happen (that), fierī to happen (that), efficere to bring about (that), or facere to bring about (that).
e.x. Accidit ut omnēs errēnt → It happens that everyone makes mistakes.
71
what are indefinite pronouns?
Indefinite pronouns are translated in English like "someone/something" or "anyone/anything," and do not specify the person or thing that they modify.
72
when can you drop the ali- in an indefinite pronoun?
Before sī, nisī, num, nē, all the ali-s drop away! (also before ut and cum).
73
when happens when an indefinite pronoun is paired with a superlative?
When an indefinite pronoun appears with a superlative adjective, the resulting phrase may be translated into English as a plural modified by the adjective “all.”
e.x. Optimus quisquat aderat. → All the best men were there.
74
what is a fear clause?
Fear clauses are essentially just a subordinate clause that indicates something being feared, indicated by the use of a verb of fearing, such as metuere, timēre, and verērī. Fear clauses contain verbs in the subjunctive and follow the rules of sequence.
e.x. Magnopere metuit nē filius in bellō moriātur → He greatly fears that his son may die in war
75
what are fear clauses introduced and negated by?
Fear clauses are typically introduced by nē and are negated by nē…nōn. In this use, nē is not translated as "not," but instead simply translated as "that."
76
what verbs are used to introduce a prevention clause?
obstāre (to hinder), vetāre (to veto), dēterre (to deter), prohibēre (to prohibit), or impedīre (to impede)
77
what are prevention clauses introduced by?
They are introduced with the subordinating conjunctions of nē, quīn, and quōminus.
When the main clause is not negated, a prevention clause will be introduced using nē or quōminus. This is translated idiomatically in English like "from."
e.x. Quid tibi obstat nē Rōmā discēdās? → What hinders you from leaving Rome?
When the main is clause is negated, a prevention clause will be introduced using quōminus or quīn.
e.x. Nūllus mē dēterrēbit quōminus mea mala carmina canam! → No one will prevent me from singing my terrible songs!
78
what can prohibēre and vetāre take instead of a prevention clause?
The verbs prohibēre and vetāre often take an object infinitive and subject accusative instead of a prevention clause.
e.x. Tē vetō talia carmina scrībere → I forbid you to write such songs
79
what are the four kinds of constructions that express purpose?
1. purpose clause (ut + subj; nē + subj)
2. relative clause of purpose (relative clause w/ subj and verb of motion)
3. gerunds & gerundives with the preposition ad
4. the accusative supine
80
what is a supine?
Besides the infinitive and the gerund, a supine is another kind of verbal noun that appears only in the accusative singular and ablative singular. The supine essentially just looks like a fourth principal part with -um, -ū endings.
81
what is the first supine?
The accusative supine, or first supine, has an -um ending and expresses purpose with a verb of motion, and can take a direct object of its own.
e.x. Lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt rogātum auxilium. → They are sending legates to Caesar to ask for help.
82
what is the second supine?
The second supine ends in -ū and functions as an ablative of respect. It specifies adjectives that refer to a particular effect on the senses, or indicates ease/difficulty. Examples of the second supine are auditū, dictū, factū, and vīsū.
e.x. Horribile vīsū! → Horrible to see!
This second supine also commonly appears with fās/nēfās.
e.x. Deōs superat – sī hoc fās est dictū. → He surpasses the gods – if this is rightful to say.
83
which impersonal constructions take on either an infinitive + subject accusative or a dative of reference?
licet, oportet, and necesse est
83
which impersonal constructions express the person affected by the emotion is in the accusative, and the cause/object in the genitive?
miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, and taedet
84
for which impersonal constructions can the genitive of cause be replaced by a subject infinitive (with or without a subject accusative)?
paenitet, piget, pudet, and taedet
85
how are refert and interest (it is important, it concerns) constructed?
For rēfert (it concerns, it's important) and interest, the person to whom something is important is usually expressed by the feminine singular ablative of the possessive adjective: meā, nostrā, tuā, vestrā. It can, however, also be expressed with the genitive. The cause or object of concern is often expressed by a neuter pronoun in the nominative case.
86
explain the greek accusative
Middle (~reflexive) verbs in Greek describe actions that benefit or
physically affect the subject, and take direct objects. In imitation
of this, Latin pairs a passive verb in a middle sense with a corresponding accusative.
e.x. cīnctus [est] honōre caput --> He is surrounded with honor with respect to his head. = He surrounded his head with honor.
87
how do you translate subordinate clauses that contain the conjunction antequam/priusquam?
When a verb follows conjunctions like dum, dōnec, antequam, priusquam, quod, and quia, the verb being in the indicative means that the action is represented by the speaker as factual. When the verb is in the subjunctive, the action is alleged/nonfactual.
When the conjunction is antequam/priusquam, it is translated as "before (action accomplished)" in the indicative, and "before….can/could" in the subjunctive.
e.x. Discessimus ē forō antequam/priusquam Cicerō ōrātiōnem cōnfēcit → We departed from the forum before Cicero completed his speech.
e.x. Discessimus ē forō antequam/priusquam Cicerō ōrātiōnem habēret → We departed from the forum before Cicero could make a speech.
88
how do you translate cum clauses that contain the conjunction quod/quia?
When a verb follows conjunctions like dum, dōnec, antequam, priusquam, quod, and quia, the verb being in the indicative means that the action is represented by the speaker as factual. When the verb is in the subjunctive, the action is alleged/nonfactual.
When the conjunction is quod/quia, it is translated as "because" in the indicative, and "apparently because" in the subjunctive.
e.x. Caesar suōs laudābit quod/quia fortiter pugnāvērunt → Caesar will praise his own men because they fought bravely.
e.x. Caesar suōs laudābit quod/quia fortiter pugnāvērint → Caesar will praise his own men apparently because they fought bravely.
