Latin Syntax - Grammar constructions

Question 1

Standard uses of cases: Nominative

Answer 1

Person doing the action

Question 2

Standard uses of cases: Accusative

Answer 2

To speak directly to someone

Question 3

Standard uses of cases: Genitive

Answer 3

‘of’
expresses possession

Question 4

Standard uses of cases: Dative

Answer 4

‘to’ or ‘for’

Question 5

Standard uses of cases: Ablative

Answer 5

‘by’
‘with’
‘from’
‘in’
‘on’
‘at’

Question 6

Expressions of time: Time ‘how long’

Answer 6

Accusative

Question 7

Expressions of time: Time ‘when’ or ‘within’

Answer 7

Ablative

Question 8

What are prepositions

Answer 8

Placed before a noun
To express movement or position in relation to it

Question 9

Ways in which prepositions are used

Answer 9

Preposition + accusative noun = Motion towards
Preposition + ablative noun = position of rest/motion away

Question 10

Direct Commands definition

Answer 10

Telling someone to do something

Question 11

Direct commands: construction

Answer 11

Stem + imperative

Question 12

Formation of imperatives

Answer 12

1st: sing = -a, pl = ate
2nd: sing = -e, pl = ete
3rd: sing = -e, pl = ite
4th: sing = -i, pl = ite

Question 13

Negative direct commands: construction

Answer 13

sing = noli
pl = nolite

+ infinitive

Question 14

Irregular imperatives

Answer 14

duc = say
dic = speak
fer = carry
fac = do

Question 15

Direct Questions definition

Answer 15

Quotes the actual words of the speaker
Has question marks

Question 16

Ways to introduce a question

Answer 16

Add -ne at the end of the first word
Use question word at the start

Question 17

Question words

Answer 17

Cur = why?
quam = how?
quo modo = in what way?
ubi = where?
quo = where to?
unde = from where?
quis, quid = who? which? what?
quantus-a-um = how big?
quot = how many?
qualis-e = what sort of?

Question 18

Participles definition

Answer 18

Describe a noun but are verbs
Verbal adjectives

Question 19

Types of Participles

Answer 19

Present Active Participle
Perfect Passive Participle
Perfect Active Participle
Future Active Participle

Question 20

Present Active Participle: Endings

Answer 20

-ans, -ens, -iens
-ant-, -ent-, -ient-

3rd dec

Question 21

Perfect Passive Participle + Perfect Active Participle: Endings

Answer 21

-us, -a, -um
1st dec F, 2nd dec M + N

Question 22

Future Active Participles: Formation

Answer 22

PPP stem + ‘ur’ + PPP ending
e.g. portatus -> portaturus

Question 23

Gerundives: formation

Answer 23

Verb stem + ‘ndus’

Question 24

Gerundives: translation

Answer 24

‘needing to be Xed’

Question 25

Gerundives to express purpose

Answer 25

Ad + gerundive

Question 26

Indirect Statements: definition

Answer 26

Reports someone's actions

Question 27

Indirect Statement: formation

Answer 27

Subject -> accusative Verb -> infinitive

Question 28

Indirect Command: definition

Answer 28

Reports a command

Question 29

Indirect Command: formation

Answer 29

Command verb + ut + subjunctive

Question 30

Command verbs

Answer 30

hortor = I encourage moneo = I warn oro = I beg persuadeo = I persuade rogo = I ask

Question 31

Negative Indirect Command: formation

Answer 31

Command verb + ne + subjunctive

Question 32

Indirect Question: definition

Answer 32

Reports a question Verb: Direct -> indirect = shifts 1 tense back

Question 33

Indirect Question: formation

Answer 33

Verb of asking + question word + subjunctive

Question 34

Purpose Clauses: formation

Answer 34

ut + imperfect subjunctive = in order to

Question 35

Negative purpose clause: formation

Answer 35

ne + imperfect subjunctive = in order not to

Question 36

Fearing Clauses: formation

Answer 36

ne + imperfect subjunctive

Question 37

Result Clauses: definition

Answer 37

The outcome of an action

Question 38

Result Clauses: formation

Answer 38

Signpost word + ut + subjunctive = so...that

Question 39

Negative Result Clause: formation

Answer 39

Signpost word + ut + non + subjunctive

Question 40

Result Clauses: Signpost word

Answer 40

tam = so

Question 41

Verb conjugations

Answer 41

1. porto -> -are 2. moneo -> -ere 3. traho -> -ere 4. Audio -> -ire

Question 42

Ablative Absolute

Answer 42

Noun + participle * Both in ablative * Separated from sentence with commas

Question 43

Ablative Absolute: Present Active Participle

Answer 43

With the 'noun' verb-ing

Question 44

Ablative Absolute: Perfect Passive Participle

Answer 44

With the 'noun' having been verb-en

Question 45

Ablative Absolute: Perfect Active Participle

Answer 45

With the 'noun' having verb-ed

Question 46

Ablative Absolute: Future Active Participle

Answer 46

With the 'noun' about to verb

Question 47

Forming adverbs

Answer 47

2-1-2 adjectives: Remove -us from masc. nom. sing. and add -e laetus -> laete 3rd dec adjectives: Add -iter to stem brevis -> breviter

Question 48

Acception of adverbs

Answer 48

difficilis and facilis (3rd dec, but follow 2-1-2 rule)

Question 49

Superlative adverbs

Answer 49

Remove -us from masc. nom. sing. superlative, then add -e laetissimus -> laetissime

Question 50

Quam + superlative adverb

Answer 50

As....as possible

Question 51

Comparative Adjectives Definition

Answer 51

Used to compare 2 people or things

Question 52

Comparative Adjectives Formation

Answer 52

Basic stem + 'ior' + 3rd dec ending Sentences normally have quam = than in

Question 53

Ablative of comparison

Answer 53

Take out quam and put 2nd noun in ablative.

Question 54

Superlative Adjectives Definition

Answer 54

To say a person/thing has a quality to a greater extent than another.

Question 55

Superlative Adjectives

Answer 55

Basic stem + 'issim' + 2-1-2 ending

Question 56

Irregular 2-1-2 comparatives + adjectives

Answer 56

* miser * pulcher * celer use - errimus

Question 57

Irregular 3rd dec comparatives + adjectives

Answer 57

* facilis * difficilis * similis use -illimus

Question 58

Very irregular comparative + superlative adjectives

Answer 58

* bonus -> melior -> optimus * malus -> peior -> pessimus * magnus -> maior -> maximus * parvus -> minor -> minimus * multus -> plus -> plurimus * multi -> plures -> plurimi

Question 59

Pronouns

Answer 59

Words e.g. 'I, she, they' that stand in the place of a noun (avoids the need to repeat it)