Lc 11. Cell Division and Cell Cycle Flashcards
How do Bacteria and Archaea produce new organisms?
They produce new organisms using binary fission.
What are the three possible outcomes for cells?
Cells can divide, differentiate, or die.
What triggers cell division?
Cells divide in response to specific molecular signals, typically from growth factors.
What is differentiation in cells?
Differentiation is the process where cells stop dividing to specialize in structure and function.
Can differentiated cells divide again?
Yes, differentiated cells may divide again under certain conditions.
What is programmed cell death?
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, eliminates unneeded cells during development and removes unhealthy or damaged cells.
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of genetic material and occurs in 5 stages.
What is the relationship between mitosis and cell division?
Mitosis is just one part of cell division.
What are the phases included in cell division?
The phases include growth, DNA replication, preparation to divide, and finally division.
What directs the sequential events of the cell cycle?
A distinct cell cycle control system directs the sequential events of the cell cycle.
What regulates the cell cycle control system?
The cell cycle control system is regulated by both internal and external controls.
What is the G1 checkpoint?
The G1 checkpoint is the main decision point for a cell, determining if it is ready to divide.
What happens if a cell cannot pass the G1 checkpoint?
If the cell cannot pass, it will enter G0, a non-dividing state.
What does the G2 checkpoint ensure?
The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication was successful and checks for DNA integrity.
What happens if errors are detected at the G2 checkpoint?
If errors are detected, the cell will pause at G2 to allow repairs or may undergo apoptosis if irreparable.
What is the mitotic spindle?
The mitotic spindle is made of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis.
What does the M/spindle checkpoint examine?
The M/spindle checkpoint examines whether all sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules.
What is the role of cell cycle regulators?
Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death.
What are cyclins?
Cyclins are proteins that positively regulate progression through the cell cycle.
What are the four basic types of cyclins?
The four basic types of cyclins are G1 cyclins, G2/S cyclins, S cyclins, and M cyclins.
What is the function of cyclins in the cell cycle?
Cyclins activate or inactivate target proteins necessary for progression through the cell cycle.
What is the effect of cancer cells on the cell cycle?
Cancer cells do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle and may have an abnormal cell cycle control system.
