Lc 8. Alternative Pathways Flashcards
What can Glycolysis generate in the absence of Oxygen?
Glycolysis can generate some ATP.
What are the requirements for Glycolysis?
ATP, NAD+, and Glucose.
Where does Glucose come from?
Glucose comes from the environment.
How are NAD+ and ATP produced?
NAD+ and ATP are made by the cell.
What role does Fermentation play in Glycolysis?
Fermentation provides enough NAD+ and ATP.
What happens in lactic acid fermentation?
Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate and NAD+.
There is no release of CO2 in lactic acid fermentation.
What is produced by lactic acid fermentation?
Lactate and NAD+.
What is the significance of lactic acid fermentation?
It is used by fungi and bacteria to make cheese and yogurt.
What occurs in alcohol fermentation?
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps.
What are the steps of alcohol fermentation?
The first step releases CO2 from pyruvate, and the second step produces NAD+ and ethanol.
What is the significance of alcohol fermentation?
It is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen.
What is an example of a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Some organisms use a sulfate ion (SO4 2-).
What is produced as a by-product when sulfate is used as an electron acceptor?
H2S (hydrogen sulfide) is made as a by-product instead of H2O.
What is eutrophication?
Increased levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in bodies of water.
What are the sources of eutrophication?
Agriculture (animal waste and fertilizer), pollution, sewage, and fuel combustion.
What happens during an algae bloom?
It forms on the surface, blocking sun from benthic plants.
What occurs after algae die?
Decomposition of algae causes H2S levels to increase.
What happens to dissolved oxygen levels during eutrophication?
Dissolved oxygen levels decline to hypoxic levels.
What is the impact of hypoxic levels on marine life?
Fish and other marine animals suffocate, leading to die-off.
What are dead zones?
Anaerobic conditions promote the growth of bacteria known as dead zones.
