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Anatomy and Physiology I > LC 3-10 > Flashcards

LC 3-10 Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of muscle fascia

A

superficial and deep

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2
Q

Layer that separates muscle layers from hypodermis

A

superficial fascia

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3
Q

Layer that wraps groups of muscles

A

deep fascia

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4
Q

Wraps named MM

A

Epimysium

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5
Q

Organ level of muscle organization

A

named muscle

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6
Q

wraps MM fascicle

A

Perimysium

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7
Q

Abbreviation for named muscle

A

MM

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8
Q

Tissue level of muscle organization

A

MM fascicle

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9
Q

wraps single MM fiber

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

specialized plasma membrane of a muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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11
Q

extension off sarcolemma that goes deep into the cell

A

T-tubule

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12
Q

Cell level of muscle of organization

A

MM fiber

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13
Q

wrapping around myofibrils, stores Ca2+

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Organelle level of muscle organization

A

myofibril

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15
Q

Long chain of sarcomeres

A

myofibril

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16
Q

Actual contractile unit of muscles, smallest thing that contracts

A

sarcomeres

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17
Q

Muscle filaments

A

myofilament

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18
Q

Two types of myofilaments

A

acton and myosin

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19
Q

Thin filament in myofilament

A

actin

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20
Q

Thick filament in myofilament

A

myosin

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21
Q

The feature of skeletal muscle cells that is the reason why they are multinucleated

A

Myoblasts

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22
Q

Muscle version of hemoglobin, red pigment protein in muscle that stores oxygen

A

myoglobin

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23
Q

One motor nerve and the muscle cells it connects to

A

Motor unit

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24
Q

The location where a motor nerve meets a muscle cell

A

Neuromuscular junction

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25
Q

The specialized area of the sarcolemma that has binding sites for acetylcholine

A

Motor end plate

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26
Q

Describe crossbridge cycling

A

When ATP bind to myosin, myosin releases from actin and pulls. When ATP breaks down, myosin grabs actin

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27
Q

Things that affect crossbridge cycling

A

AChE isn’t broken down, ACh is too high, Ca2+ doesn’t bind to troponin (not enough Na+ or too low Ca2+)

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28
Q

Name the three types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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29
Q

Explain the five general functions of skeletal muscle

A

body movement, maintenance of posture, protection and support, regulation of elimination, heat production

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30
Q

Describe the five characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

excitability, conductivity, contractility, elasticity, extensibility

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31
Q

Thick cordlike structure of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendon

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32
Q

Thin, flattened sheet of dense, irregular connective tissue

A

aponeurosis

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33
Q

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

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34
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue sheath that surrounds the fascicles

A

perimysium

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35
Q

The innermost connective tissue layer, a delicate, areolar connective tissue layer that surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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36
Q

The smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber

A

sarcomere

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37
Q

Plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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38
Q

Deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the skeletal muscle fiber as a network of narrow membranous tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

T-tubules

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39
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

Long, cylindrical structures that extend the length of the entire muscle fiber and make up 80% of the volume of skeletal muscle

A

myofibril

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41
Q

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

A

motor unit

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42
Q

What are the three components of the neuromuscular junction

A

synaptic knob, motor end plate, synaptic cleft

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43
Q

Expanded tip of an axon of a motor neuron containing Ca2+ pumps and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

A

synaptic knob

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44
Q

Specialized region of a sarcolemma of a muscle fiber that has large numbers of ACh receptors and chemically (ACh)-gated Na+ and K+ channels

A

motor end plate

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45
Q

Narrow fluid-filled space separating the synaptic knob and motor end plate containing AChE

A

synaptic cleft

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46
Q

Type of fascia that separates individual muscles, Bind together muscles with similar functions, Contains nerves and blood vessels and lymph vessels, Fills spaces between muscles

A

deep fascia

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47
Q

Type of fascia that separates muscle from skin

A

superficial fascia

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48
Q

What type of neuron controls the skeletal muscle

A

motor neuron

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49
Q

What is the embryonic precursor to a muscle cell

A

myoblasts

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50
Q

What do the Ca2+ pumps embedded in sarcoplasmic reticulum do

A

Move Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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51
Q

What do the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels embedded in sarcoplasmic reticulum do

A

Releases Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm in response to the action potential from the T-tubules

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52
Q

Globular protein attached to tropomyosin that contains a binding site for Ca2+

A

troponin

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53
Q

Cable-like protein that extends from the z-discs to the M-line through the core of each thick filament

A

connectin

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54
Q

Part of the protein complex that anchors myofibrils that are adjacent to the sarcolemma to proteins within the sarcolemma

A

dystrophin

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55
Q

What disease is dystrophin related to

A

muscular dystrophy

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56
Q

What do mitochondria do inside the muscle cell

A

Produce ATP

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57
Q

What is storage form of glucose in muscle

A

glycogen

58
Q

A reddish globular protein that bind oxygen when the muscle is at rest and releases oxygen during contraction

A

myoglobin

59
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration

A

Cellular respiration that uses oxygen

60
Q

Which muscles would have small motor units

A

Eye muscles

61
Q

Which muscles would have large motor units

A

Lower limbs

62
Q

Do all motor units fire at the same time, normally

A

No

63
Q

What type of voltage channels are found at the synaptic knob

A

Calcium

64
Q

What kind of receptors are found at the motor end plate

A

Acetylcholine

65
Q

What enzyme breaks down ACh

A

Acetylcholinesterase

66
Q

Describe the steps in excitation-contraction coupling.

A

(1) ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate, (2) Chemically-gated Na+/K+ channels open and Na+ moves into cell, (3) Threshold is reached, action potential is produced, (4) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes into cell, (5) action potential travels down T-tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum, (6) Action potential triggers release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

Summarize the changes that occur within a sarcomere during contraction.

A

(1) Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin causing the troponin-tropomyosin complex to no longer cover the myosin binding site on actin, (2) myosin heads attach to the myosin binding site on actin. (3) myosin head pulls “powerstroke”, (4) ATP binds to myosin, causing release of myosin head from actin, (5) ATP is split into ADP and P, myosin head is reset

68
Q

An autoimmune disease occurring primarily in women aged 20-40 in which the immune system attacks neuromuscular junctions and bind ACh receptors together into clusters

A

Myasthenia Gravis

69
Q

Attaching of the myosin head to actin

A

crossbridge formation

70
Q

Pulling the thin filament by movement of the myosin head

A

power stroke

71
Q

A toxin from a bacterial infection that causes excessive muscle contractions

A

tetanus

72
Q

A toxin from a bacteria that causes muscular paralysis by preventing the release of ACh at the synaptic knobs

A

botulism

73
Q

What are the events in muscle relaxation

A

(1) ATP binds to myosin, (2) myosin head releases actin, (3) myosin head is reset by splitting ATP into ADP and P

74
Q

Short term, anaerobic means of supplying muscle contraction that involves transferring a P from ADP or creatine phosphate to create ATP, for intense exercise a few seconds in duration

A

phosphate transfer

75
Q

Short-term, anaerobic means of supplying ATP to a muscle cell by breaking down glycogen stored in the muscle for intense exercise of less than a minute

A

glycolysis

76
Q

Long-term, aerobic means of supplying ATP to a muscle cell that occurs within the mitochondria, for long duration, low intensity exercise

A

aerobic respiration

77
Q

The amount of additional oxygen that is consumed following exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions

A

oxygen debt

78
Q

An enzyme that transfers a P from one ADP to another ADP yielding ATP

A

myokinase

79
Q

How much ATP is formed by anaerobic cellular respiration

A

2 ATP molecules

80
Q

How much ATP is formed by aerobic cellular respiration

A

30 ATP molecules

81
Q

Muscle fibers that produce a strong contraction, more quickly, for a shorter duration

A

fast-twitch fibers

82
Q

Muscle fibers that produce a slower contraction but are most resistant to fatigue

A

slow-twitch fibers

83
Q

Muscle fiber that specialize in providing ATP through aerobic cellular respiration and have several features that support these processes, including an extensive capillary network, large numbers of mitochondria, and a large supply of the red pigment myoglobin

A

oxidative fibers

84
Q

Muscle fibers that specialize in providing ATP through glycolysis

A

glycolytic fibers

85
Q

Type I muscle fibers with contractions slower and less powerful, but can contract over long periods of time without fatigue because ATP is supplied primarily through aerobic respiration

A

oxidative fibers

86
Q

Type IIa muscle fibers that are intermediate in size and produce a fast, powerful contraction with ATP provided by aerobic respiration, least numerous in the body

A

fast oxidative fibers

87
Q

Type IIb muscle fibers that are the most prevalent skeletal muscle fiber type, power contractions for a short duration, ATP primarily provided through glycolysis

A

fast glycolytic fibers

88
Q

Explain the events that occur in motor unit recruitment as the intensity of stimulation is increased

A

Muscle fibers follow all-or-none law for contraction, so changes in contraction strength result from an increased number of motor units being recruited

89
Q

Stepwise increase in the strength of muscle contraction

A

treppe

90
Q

The summation of each successive wave of contractile forces in a muscle

A

wave summation

91
Q

The increase of tension tracing and decrease in distance between contraction waves

A

incomplete tetany

92
Q

Continuous contraction, tension tracing is a smooth line

A

tetany

93
Q

Force generated when a skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract

A

muscle tension

94
Q

Resting tension in a muscle

A

muscle tone

95
Q

What are the periods of the twitch

A

latent period, contraction period, relaxation period

96
Q

The type of muscle contraction where muscle tension is insufficient to overcome the resistance, eg pushing against a wall

A

isometric contraction

97
Q

The type of muscle contraction that results in movement, eg lifting weights

A

isotonic contraction

98
Q

The type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle shortens

A

concentric contractions

99
Q

The type of isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens

A

eccentric contractions

100
Q

Explain the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle contraction

A

a muscle generates maximum force at its normal resting length

101
Q

Reduced ability or inability to produce muscle tension

A

fatigue

102
Q

How can sustained isometric contractions affect blood pressure

A

increases it

103
Q

Summarize the effects of exercise (or lack or exercise) on skeletal muscle

A

Muscle fibers get bigger, stronger, increase in number, and contract longer

104
Q

Summarize the effects of aging on skeletal muscle

A

Cells get smaller, fewer, don’t work as well, don’t repair as well, die

105
Q

What are some effects of using anabolic steroids as performance-enhancing compounds

A

heart disease, kidney damage, liver damage, testicular atrophy

106
Q

List and describe the similarities and differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac cells are shorter, thicker, have intercalated discs, and an autorhythmic pacemaker

107
Q

Type of junction in cardiac muscle that is composed is desmosomes and gap junctions

A

intercalated discs

108
Q

Identify organs of various body systems where smooth muscle is located

A

Blood vessels, bronchioles, GI tract, ureters, uterus

109
Q

Compare the microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle to skeletal muscle:

A

Diameter is 10x smaller and length thousands of times shorter than skeletal muscle

110
Q

Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle contraction

A

slow initiation and long duration, fatigue resistant, broad length-tension curve

111
Q

Three ways ATP is formed

A

immediate (phosphate, 5-6 sec), short-term (anaerobic, 60 sec), long-term (aerobic 60+ sec)

112
Q

Three ways to create energy in of Phosphagen system

A

ATPase, myokinase, creatine kinase

113
Q

A way to create energy in the phosphagen system that removes a P from ATP to make ADP and P to create energy

A

ATPase

114
Q

A way to create energy in the phosphagen system that removes a P from one ADP and adds it to an ADP to create ATP and AMP

A

myokinase

115
Q

A way to create energy in the phosphagen system that removes a P from creatine phosphate and adds it to ADP to create ATP and creatine

A

creatine kinase

116
Q

Energy system that happens in the cytosol, does not require oxygen, releases 2 ATP per glucose, byproduct is lactic acid

A

Anerobic energy system

117
Q

Energy system that happens in the mitochondria, requires oxygen, byproduct is CO2, 34 gross 32 net ATP per glucose

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

118
Q

50m sprint uses __________ energy system

A

phosphagen

119
Q

400m run uses ________ energy system

A

anaerobic

120
Q

1500m run uses _________ energy system

A

aerobic

121
Q

Never use _______ energy system by itself, only after using phosphagen and anaerobic

A

aerobic

122
Q

Replenishing oxygen taken from that stored in myoglobin and replenishing glycogen

A

oxygen debt

123
Q

Type of muscle fiber that contracts quickly and strongly, fatigue quickly

A

fast-twitch

124
Q

Type of muscle fiber that contracts less quickly and less strongly, fatigue more slowly

A

slow-twitch

125
Q

Type of muscle fiber that uses oxygen, has lots of myoglobin, resist fatigue, less strong

A

oxidative (aerobic)

126
Q

Type of muscle fiber that uses anaerobic respiration, strong, no myoglobin, fatigues quickly

A

glycolytic

127
Q

Type of skeletal muscle fiber that called Type I, has myoglobin, uses aerobic cellular respiration

A

slow oxidative

128
Q

Type of skeletal muscle fiber called Type IIb, most prevalent, anaerobic, largest size, for power and speed

A

fast glycolytic

129
Q

Variation in muscle fiber types in individuals

A

sprinters have larger proportion of Type IIb, marathoners have higher proportion of Type I

130
Q

Time period between signal being sent and muscle starting to contract

A

Latent period

131
Q

Motor units working together in “shifts” to maintain tension in a muscle (think overlapping sine waves)

A

Recruitment

132
Q

Adding waves of motor units together for muscle contraction

A

wave summation

133
Q

When motor unit waves add together to form complete contraction

A

tetany

134
Q

Movement of wave from less contracted to most contracted

A

Wave summation > incomplete tetant > tetany

135
Q

Resting muscle tension

A

muscle tone

136
Q

Type of contraction when tension increases but muscle doesn’t change length, muscle tension does not overcome resistance

A

Isometric contraction

137
Q

Type of contraction when tension increases and muscle changes in length, muscle tension overcomes resistance

A

isotonic contraction

138
Q

Type of contraction that can increase blood pressure

A

isometric contraction

139
Q

Increase in muscle size from repetitive stimulation of muscles, resulting in increased myofibrils that contain larger number of myofilaments

A

hypertrophy

140
Q

Decrease in muscle size from nonuse

A

atrophy

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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