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Life Cycle > LC Exam 1 Week 2 > Flashcards

LC Exam 1 Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Proliferative (self renewal as well)
  2. Meiotic
  3. Spermiogenic (maturation)
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2
Q

Progression of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia (2N, 2C) -> 1˚ (2N, 4C) -> 2˚ (1N, 2C) -> Spermatid (1N, 1C) -> Mature spermatozoon

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3
Q

Types of spermatogonia

A

Adark (self renewing) -> Apale -> B
All 2N
Give rise to 1˚

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4
Q

Spermiogenesis phases

A
  1. Golgi phase (to head, acrosomal vesicles)
  2. Cap phase (vesicles will become cap)
  3. Acrosomal phase
  4. maturation phase (centrioles to tail, attract mito)
    extra cytoplasm cast off (may stimulate new round)
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5
Q

Spermiation

A

End of spermiogenesis

Released into lumen by sertoli cell

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6
Q

Epididymis function

A

Mature sperm
Head: concentrait
Body: maturation (mobility, fertilization capability)
Tail: storage

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7
Q

Disorders that decrease SHBG

A

Insulin resistance
Metabolic syndrome
Diabetes
Normal aging

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8
Q

Pituitary related hypogonadism: levels and examples

A 
Low T and low FSH/LH
Prolactinoma
Tumor/mass effect
Hemachromatosis (classically: bronze skin)
Autoimmune hypophysitis
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9
Q

OSA effects on testosterone

A

Mildly decreased T levels
Erectile dysfxn (decreased NO, cGMP)
CPAP

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10
Q

Acquired hypertrophic hypogonadism

A 
Traums/torsion
Mumps orchitis
Alcohol (direct toxin)
Diabetes
Radiation/chemo
Autoimmune testicular failure
Gonadotrope pituitary tumor (high FSH, +/- LH, low T)
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11
Q

Recommended for normal/low

A

Diet/lifestyle modification

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12
Q

Cardiac risk and testosterone therapy

A

Appears to be within the first 90 days

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13
Q

Low FSH/LH, testosterone

A

Genetic: Kallman
Acquired: narcotics, GC’s, hemochromatosis, tumor, XRT, stress, illness
Not real: OSA, get T assay (SHBG)

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14
Q

High FSH/LH, low testosterone

A

Primary testicular failure (XXY, trauma)

Gonadotrope pituitary tumor

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15
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Peritonem taken with descent

Injury can fill with fluid (hydrocele)

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16
Q

Tunica albugenia

A

Fibrosis, tough, capsule

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17
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Most: superficial inguinal canal
Wrong temperature for sperm production
Usually unilateral, but bilateral atrophy w/out tx (infertility)
5x risk of seminoma
Orchiopexy by 2 years decreases risk to 2x

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18
Q

47XXY pathogenesis

A

Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules: low inhibin, high FSH

Abnormal Leydig: low T, high LH, high E2 conversion

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19
Q

Varicocele

A

90% of the time left side (due to left renal artery)
Bag of worms appearance
Assoc. with left sided renal cell carcinoma

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20
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Venous before arterial
Blood pumps in, can’t pump out
Failure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum (via process vaginalis)

21
Q

Inflammatory dz leading to orchitis

A
  1. Chlamydia (D-K), gonorrhea (young)
  2. E. coli and pseudo (old)
  3. Mumps (1 wk post parotid, unilateral)
  4. Syphilis
  5. Gran/autoimmune (TB)
22
Q

Three general types of testicular tumors

A
  1. Germ cell tumors (malignant)
  2. Sex cord stromal tumors (benign or malignant)
  3. Lymphoma: diffuse large B-cell (>60 y/o)
23
Q

Germ cell tumors

A

Seminoma (good prognosis, large cells, clear cytoplasm, central nuclei)
Non-seminoma:
Embryonal carcinoma (primitive, glandular, necrosis, differentiation with chemo, AFP and/or ß-hCG)
Yolk sac (Schiller-Duval bodies, AFP)
Choriocarcinoma (ß-hCG, FLßT)
Teratoma (malignant in males, AFP and/or ß-hCG)
Mixed (most common)

24
Q

Sex cord stromal tumors

A

Usually benign
Leydig cell tumor: androgen secretion (precocious puberty, gynecomastia, Reinke crystals)
Sertoli cell: tubules, clinically silent

25
Condyloma acuminatum
HPV 6, 11 Koilocytic change (raisin nucleus) Benign warty growth
26
Verrucous carcinoma
HPV associated More destructive Non-met
27
In situ SCC of the penis
1. Glans: erythroplasia of Queyrat (erythroplakia) | 2. Shaft: Bowen disease (leukoplakia)
28
Testis cancer serum markers
AFP ß-hCG Placental like alk phos LDH
29
Penile malignancies
Epithelial (95%): SCC, Basal cell, melanoma | Mesenchymal (5%): tissue sarcomas
30
BPH
usually around transition zone (periurethral) Age related change Related to DHT stimulation on stromal and epithelial cells resulting in hyperplastic nodules
31
BPH treatment
alpha-1 antagonist: terazosin | 5alpha reductase inhibitors
32
Prostate inflammation
Acute: lymphs, STI/UTI bugs Chronic: mononuclear, granulo form, atrophy assoc.
33
Prostatic atrophy
``` Increased cancer risk concrete formation (associated with chronic inflammation) ```
34
Prostatic carcinoma
``` Western/environment risk Biopsies (blind, random) gold standard Multifocality Gleason grading: based soley on architecture Mets to spine 20-30 years for natural history ```
35
Menstrual cycles phases
1. Follicular phase 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal phase
36
Primordial follicles
Oogonia + somatic cells (pre-granulosa cells)
37
Ovarian/pituitary hormones
LH stimulates theca cells to produce androgens | FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to E2
38
Oogenesis
1˚ oocyte begin meiosis I during fetal life and finish just prior to ovulation (prophase = pause) Meiosis 1 results in 2˚ plus polar body
39
Corpus luteum
Progesterone secretion Small/large cells + capillaries Some estrogen Stablized by hCG from placenta
40
Follice =
oocyte + granulosa cell
41
FSH an LH functions in menstrual cycle
FSH: stimulates granulosa proliferation LH: fosters granulosa lutenization
42
Is atresia related to selection of the dominant follicle?
NO
43
Lymph drainage of lady bits
Vulva + lower 1/3 vagina (UGS) = inguinal, para-aortic | Cervix + upper 2/3 vagina (parameso) = iliac
44
Epithelial progression through female tract
Vulva: keratinizing squamous Vagina: non-keratinizing squamous Cervical, endocervical: glandular (singular) Uterus: glandular (multi)
45
Vulva condyloma
6, 11 | Koilocytes, hyper parakartosis
46
Vulva infection
Trichomonas -> strawberry cervix Candida -> pH change, curdlike d/c, itch Actinomyces -> sulfer granules, copper IUD
47
VIN
Leukoplakia, 16, 18 1. HPV associated SCC - BM invasion 2. Non-HPV (Lichen sclerosis, thin parchment paper)
48
Paget extramammilary dz
``` PAsKET'S dz PAS+ KEraTin + S100- (otherside of ') Ery, puritic, ulcerated ```
49
Melanoma of the vulva
PAS- Keratin- S100+

Life Cycle (21 decks)

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