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PSYC 308 > LC1 > Flashcards

LC1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

Scientific studdy of social experiences and behaviours of individuals

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2
Q

Individualistic Culture

A

Type of society in which people’s self-concepts tend to be stable, not tied to particular groups, and people place their personal preferences and goals above those of the group

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3
Q

Collectivistic cultures

A

Type of society in which people’s self-concepts tend to be intimately tied to and defined by their group membership, people subordinate personal preferences and goals to the groups, individual choice is not highly valued

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4
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

A

Form of learning in which reinforcement is given ot punishment is administered in order to increaseor decrease a specific behaviour

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5
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Form of learning in which previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Lay Theory

A

Explanation for social behaviour that is possessed by an ordinary person w/o advanced training in psychology and w/o using scientific methods

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7
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Incorrect belief that, after a person has already learned the outcome of a prticular event, her or she would have accurately predicted the outcome before it occurred

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8
Q

Looking-glass Self

A

Imagining how other people perceive and judge one’s self, which in turn can affect that sense of self

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9
Q

X-system (automatic)

A

primarily reflexive, nonconscious, or automatic parellel processing

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10
Q

C-system (controlled)

A

Largely reflective, sequential, conscious, or deliberative mental processing system

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11
Q

Automaticity

A

Extent to which a given event is unintentional, occurs w/o conscious awareness, is accomplished efficiently, and once begun, cannot be controlled

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12
Q

Priming

A

When a concept or other knowledge structure is automatically triggered or activated by an environmental stimulus, thereby becoming more likely to affect subsequent related thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

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13
Q

Spreading Activation

A

Activation of one node in mental system leads to the activation of other concepts that are closely associated in memory

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14
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut that facilitates rapid inferences w/o much thought

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15
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Mental shortcut in which people judge the frequency or likelhood of an event based on how easily relevent examples come to mind

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16
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut where people categorize particular instance based on how similar the instance is to a typical member of that category

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17
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

judging how likely an event is to occur based on unusual or atypical instances

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18
Q

Base Rate

A

frequency at which given phenomenon occurs

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19
Q

Anchoring/Adjustmnet Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut in which people use readily available info on which to base estimation and then adjust that estimate

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20
Q

Motivated Perseverance

A

Person’s mental processing is influenced by her or his desires, feelings, or goals

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21
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Holding onto a belief when its validity has been undermined by the facts

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22
Q

Considering the Opposite

A

Imagining how one’s beleifs could be false

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23
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to search only for evidence that supports one’s beliefs and to ignore info that disagrees w them

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24
Q

Biased Assimilation

A

Construing info so that it seems similar to or consistent w one’s preferred perspective

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25
Appraisal Model of Stress
States that peope engage in two appraisal processes (primary and secondary) of a potential stressor that impact how they emotionally respond to it
26
Self
The psychological apparatus that gives a person the capacity to consciously think about him or her
27
Self-concept
Set of beliefs a person has about the characteristics she or he possesses
28
Schemas
Cognitive structures that organize knowledge about particular objects of thought
29
Self-schema
Schema that organizes info about oneself with respect to specific domains
30
Self-discrepency Theory
Idea that each person has an actual, ideal, and ought self
31
Ideal Self
Image of a hypothetical self that possesses the quaities and features that a person's wishes he had
32
Ought Self
Image of a hypothetical self who a person beleives important others think he or she is
33
Introspection
Looking internally at the self to examine who one is, how one feels, and so forth
34
Self-Perception Theory
Idea that peoples sometimes infer their own attitudes in the same way a third party might infer their attitudes (watching their behaviour)
35
Intrinsic Motivation
Desire to engage in behaviour simply because it is interestingo enjoyable
36
Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform behaviour as a result of external rewards or pressures
37
Overjustification Effect
When one's intrinsic motivation is weakened by the presence of extrinsic motivation
38
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Idea that people infer their feelings from their facial expressions
39
Response Effects
Unintended variations in question responses that stem from precedural aspects of the survey instrument such as wording
40
Acquiscence Bias
Tendency to agree with or day yes to questions
41
Extremity Bias
Tendency to provide answers that are at extremes of resposnes provided
42
Context Effect
Variations in responding because of survey features encountered prior to answering a question
43
Self-Esteem
Overall positive or negative evaluation of onself
44
Sociometer Hypothesis
Idea that people have a psychological mechanism that assesses the strength and importance os social relationships and that these relationships strongly inlfuence self-esteem
45
Theory of Social Comparison Processes
Idea that people will evaluate how they are doing using subjective standards when objective standards are not available
46
Social Comparison
Monitoring how one is doing and adjusting one's behaviour accordingly in effort to be liked by important others
47
Self-Evaluation Maintainence Model
Postulates that a person typically only makes social comparisons when this will improve his/her self-esteem
48
Counterfactual Thinking
Imagining what could have happened
49
False Consensus Effect
Believing that one's opinions or behaviours are more common than they actually are
50
False Uniqueness Effect
Holding incorrect beleifs about how differnt one is from others
51
Better-Than-Average Effect
Judging that one is above average on most desirable characteristics
52
Self-serving Attributional Bias
Taking credit for one's successes but blaming outside factors for one's failures
53
Bias Blind Spot
Believing that one is immune to cognitive biases that affect others
54
Interpersonal Self
Way to present ourselves to other people
55
Impression Management
Efforts to project the image of the self that a person wants others to have
56
Self Monitoring
Extent to which people chronically think about how they appear to others, and as a consequence, change their appearance and behaviour to fit the circumstances
57
Spotlight Effect
Overestimation of the extent to which other people are observing and noticing one
58
Illusion of Transparency
Incorrect belief that others can "read" our emotions or detect our lies merely by looking at our facial expressions
59
Ingratiation
Attempts to get particular persons to like us
60
Self-Handicapping
Arranging events that may reduce one's likelihood of success but also protect one's self-esteem by serving for possible failure
61
Ironic Process of Mental Control
Trying to control one's thoughts or behaviour in a way that produces the very thoughts or behaviours that one is trying to avoid
62
Self-verification
Seeking information that will confirm one's self-concept
63
Informatinal Influence
Adoption of other's behaviour, attitudes, and/or beleifs because those individuals are perceived as sources of valid info about objective reality
64
Normative Influence
Alteration of one's behaviours, attitudes, or beleifs in order to be accepted by another person or group
65
Scarcity Principle
People are more likely to value options and items when they are difficult ro obtain or limited in availabiity
66
Limited-Quantity Technique
resctricting the quanitity of a product, ersive, or opportunity in order to increase its desirabiilty
67
Dealine Technique
Setting a specific end date for an opportunity, such as a sale or service, in ordder to increase its desirability
68
Reactance
Unpleasent arousal that triggers behaviour intended to protect or reinstate freedomes that are restricted or threatened
69
Liking/Friendship Principle
People are more likely to adhere to a request from a postively evaluated other, such as a friend or admired person
70
Commitment/Consistency Principle
Increased likelihood that people will enact a behaviour that is consistent with their own past behaviours and allows them to follow through on prior committments
71
Foot in the Door Technique
Sequential procedure in which 1) small request is made, and agreed to 2) larger request is made
72
Labeling Technique
Bestowing a positive label on a person in order to gain compliance to a request
73
Low-Ball Tactic
Enticing consumers to agree to purchase something and then subsequently inform them that the prce is higher than initially promised
74
Bait and Switch
person psychologically commits to a product and then, product is replaced with related product that is more expensive
75
Reciprocity Principle
Increased likelihood that an individual will comply with a request from a person or an entity who has previously done a favor to that individual
76
Door in the Face Technique
1) making relatively large request 2) waiting until its refused 3) scaling back and making smaller request
77
Thats not all Technique
Adding new incentives to a deal before the consumer has been given the opportunity to accept ot deny the offer w/o increasing price
78
Social Validation Principle
Increased likelihood that person will enact a particular behaviour to the extent that others are thought to be engaging in that same behaviour
79
Focus Theory of Normative Conduct
idea that social norms can be divided into those that are descriptive or injunctive
80
Descriptive Norms
What most people are or are not doing
81
Injunctive Norms
What people should or shouldn't do
82
Authority Principle
Increased likelihood that people will do what is requested or suggested by a perceived authority
83
Confederate
Person who pretends to be a participant but is really working with the experimenter
84

PSYC 308 (3 decks)

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