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PSYC 308 > LC3 > Flashcards

LC3 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Intergroup Bias

A

The tendency of one group to hold prejudice toward, stereotype, and discriminate against another group

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2
Q

Stereotype

A

A belief about the characteristics, attributes, and behaviors of a group and its members

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3
Q

Prejudice

A

Evaluation of prejudgment of a group and its members

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4
Q

Discrimination

A

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their group membership

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5
Q

Implicit Attitude

A

Attitude that a person is typically not aware or conscious of

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6
Q

Modern Racism

A

Overtly egalitarian views of racial groups but holding negative feelings that result in opposition to giving disadvantaged groups consideration or opportunities

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7
Q

Aversive Racism

A

Coexistence of explicit claims of being nonprejudiced with implicit reactions and behaviors that reveal prejudiced feelings

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8
Q

Personal Identity

A

Characteristics and qualities that distinguish us from others

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9
Q

Social Identity

A

Component of the self-concept that is derived from membership in various groups

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10
Q

Social Identity Theory (SIT)

A

The idea that people have a need to feel good about themselves and that one major component of their self-esteem derives from the groups to which they belong

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11
Q

Self-Categorization Theory (SCT)

A

Idea that people place themselves w/n a category and can satisfy self-esteem needs by more positively evaluating their gorup as compared to other groups

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12
Q

Ingroup

A

Group to which a person belongs

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13
Q

Outgroup

A

Group to which a person does not belong

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14
Q

Ingroup favoritism

A

more favourable treatment of ingroups compared to outgroups

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15
Q

Minimal group paradigm

A

Reasearch method in which all participants are divided into groups, usually for trivial reasons

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16
Q

Outgroup homogeneity Effect

A

Perception that all members of a given group are more similar to each other than members of one’s own group are to each other

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17
Q

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

A

Postulates that people will join groups that facilitate the satisfaction of both their need to belong and their desire to be unique

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18
Q

Realistic group conflict theory

A

postulates that (A) when a group has goals that could be only acheived at the expense of another group, intergroup hostility would ensue

(B) when groups work together to achieve a common goal, overarching goal, intergroup relations should become harmonious

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19
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

goals that transcend the interests of specific groups and require mutual cooperation to solve and which facilitate intergroup harmony

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20
Q

Scapegoating

A

when one group unfairly claims that another group has intentionally caused misfortunes

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21
Q

Relative deprivation (RD)

A

discontent that individuals feel when they believe that they are in a worse situation than they could have been, either compared to their previous situation or the situation of other groups

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22
Q

Relative deprivation theory (RDT)

A

idea that discontent can breed resentment toward others and lead people to blame minorities for their own situation, sometimes resulting in violence

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23
Q

Response latency

A

How long it takes participants to categorize a stimulus after it is presented

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24
Q

Affective or Evaluative Priming

A

subliminal presentation of attitude objects in order to measure their effects on subsequent categorization of stimuli

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25
Illusory correlation
overestimation of the extent to which two variables are correlated
26
Ultimate attribution error
attributing the negative behaviour of outgroups to dispositional factors and positive outgroup behaviour to situational influences
27
Right-Wing Authoritarianism
Individual difference variable comprised of 3 core elements: 1. submission to legitmate authority 2. aggression against outgroups 3. endorsement of coventional social norms and morality
28
Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)
Degree to which a person generally endoreses hierarchy and inequality among social groups, and specifically prefers that his ingroup dominates others
29
Stereotype Content Model (SCM)
Postulates that stereotypes universally vary along two major dimensions: competence and warmth
30
Sexism
negative prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination dorected at individuals based on their gender and/or institutional practices that support the unequal status of men and women
31
Hostile sexism
Derogatory views of women as seeking to control men via marital commitment and sex, along w perceptions of women as sex objects
32
Benevolent sexism
stereotypical views of women as very different from and inferior to men
33
Ambivalent sexism
simultaneous perception of women in negative and positive terms
34
Ageism
prejudice against people based on their age
35
Heterosexism
negative prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination directed at individuals based on their nonheterosexual orientation and/or institutional practices that support the unequal status of heterosexuals and nonheterosexuals
36
Homophobia
Particularly strong fear of homosexuals or homosexual behaviour
37
Interpersonal Discrimination
Unequal treatment of specific individuals based on their group membership (contrast to institutional discrimination)
38
Insitutional Discrimination
Unequal treatmentof individual that is embedded in the norms, policies, and practices of an institution, producing unequal outcomes for members of different groups
39
Microaggressions
Ordinary, daily interactions that send negative messages to an individual based upon the person's group membership(s)
40
Stigma
Specific characteristics that distinguishes a stigmatized group from other groups
41
Stereotype Threat
Discomfort or anxiety that targets feel when concerned that they may confirm a negative stereotype held about their group
42
Contact Hypothesis
Idea that contact b/w members of different groups can reduce intergroup hostility and facilitate positive intergroup relations
43
Intergroup Contact Theory
Intergroup contact can reduce intergroup bias as long as several conditions are met: 1. individualsmust perceive that the groups have unequal status 2. groups must pursue common superordinate groups 3. groups must cooperate to acheive those goals 4. contact must be sanctioned or supported by authorities
44
Subtype
Part of group that is seen as deviation from the larger group, allowing glocal stereotype about the overall group to persist
45
Jigsaw Classroom
Teaching strategy that requires persons from different ethnic backgrounds to cooperatively solve problems
46
Recategorization
Viewing ingroup and outgroup members are primarily members of a larger, mutually inclusive groupm thereby diminishing the importance of intergroup differences
47
Common Ingroup Identity Model
Posits that at the core of intergroup bias is the categorization of individuals into ingroups and outgroups
48
Prosocial Behaviour
Behaviour that is intended to benefit others
49
Egoism
Helping other people because it brings internal and/or external rewards to the helper
50
Altrusim
Acting to benefit others and not for one's own sake
51
Inclusive Fitness
Ability of one's genes to survive both in one's own offspring and in one's genetic relatives
52
Kin Selection
Traits that tend to facilitate the survival of an individual's genetic relatives are also selected for
53
Reciprocal Helping
When people help others because the others have previously helped them or are expected to help them in the future
54
Norm of Reciprocity
Social rule stating that people should offer help to and avoid harming those who have helped them
55
Mood Management Hypothesis
People often help in order to manage their moods, especially when they are sad
56
Negative State Relief Model
Witnessing the distress of others causes a person to feel sadness ir related negative emotions and that the person is motivated to act in order to reduce those emotions
57
Arousal: Cost-Reward Model
Seeing another person in distress causes a person to feel negative arousal, and the person will use the least costly path to reduce the arousal; decision if based on a cost/benefit analysis
58
Bystander Apathy
Explanation that people who fail to help in emergnecies do so because they are uncaring
59
Bystander Intervention
Help provided by witnesses to victims or potential victims in an emergency
60
Pluralistic Ignorance
When a person incorrectly assumes that others know more than he or she does
61
Diffusion of Responsibility
Phenomenon in which, as number of bystanders increases, individuals mentally spread responsibility for intervening across many others
62
Bystander Effect
Phenomenon that, as the number of onlookers in an emergency increases, the likelihood that any one person will help decreases
63
Debriefing
Explanation of the true purpose of the research, an exploration and reduction of possible negative effects of participation, and a clatification of what actually happened during the study
64
Theory of Empathy-Induced ALtruistic Motivation
Idea that altruistic motivation for helping is possible and specifies the factors that can lead to it
65
Empathic Concern
Other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of a person in need
66
Empathy-Altrusim Hypothesis
Idea that empathic concern produces an altruistic motivation to relieve the needs ot a valued other
67
Prosociality
Tendency to engage in prosocial behaviour
68
Just-World Hypothesis
Idea that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
69
Cultural Embeddedness
Extent to which one focuses on the family or extended ingroup, as opposed to oneself, as the primary social unity

PSYC 308 (3 decks)

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