LE1 (Parasitic Protozoans) Flashcards by Genella Alessandra Roallos

Trichomonas vaginalis
(Disease caused)

Trichomoniasis (white, green, grey vaginal discharge)

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Trichomonas vaginalis
(Mode of transmission)

Direct Transmission: Sexual Transmission (having unprotected sex with someone who has trich)

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Trichomonas vaginalis
(Intermediate Host)

N/A (direct transmission)

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Trichomonas vaginalis
(Definitive Host)

Humans

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Trichomonas vaginalis
(Infective Stage)

Trophozoites in vaginal or prostatic secretion

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Trichomonas vaginalis
(Diagnostic Stage)

Trophozoites in vagina or orifice of urethra

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Trichomonas vaginalis
(Treatment)

Metronidazole and Tinidazole

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Leishmania spp.
(Disease caused)

Leishmaniasis (caused by diploid protozoa)

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Leishmania spp.
(Mode of transmission)

Sand Fly Vector Transmission: Blood Meal (bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies)

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Leishmania spp.
(Intermediate Host)

Sand Fly Vector : Phlebotomus papatasi

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Leishmania spp.
(Definitive Host)

Vertebrate mammals (humans, dogs, and rodents)

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Leishmania spp.
(Infective Stage)

Promastigotes injected by sand fly

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Leishmania spp.
(Diagnostic stage)

Amastigote

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Leishmania spp.
(Treatment)

Sodium stibogluconate & n-methyl-glucamine, Amphotericin B, and Pentamidine.

Treatment depends on host and parasite factors. Some regimens effectiveness depends on species, strain, and location. Special groups may need different medications

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Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Disease caused)

Malaria

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Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Mode of transmission)

Mosquito Vector Transmission: Blood Meal (bite of infected female anopheles mosquito)

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Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Intermediate host)

Humans

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Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Definitive Host)

Mosquito Vector: Female Anopheles spp.
Main PHL Vector: A. flavirostris

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Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Infective Stage)

Sporozoites (mosquitoes inject to humans)

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Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Diagnostic stage)

Merozoites infect the blood

Human Blood Stage: Immature Trophozoite (ring stage), Mature Trophozoite, Schizonts, and Gametocytes

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Plasmodium faciparum/vivax/malariae/ovale
(Treatment)

Prophylactic drugs
Blood Schizonticidal drugs
Gametocytocidal drugs
Hypnozoitocidal drugs/Antirelapse drugs
Sporonticidal drugs

Atovaquone

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Giardia duodenalis
(Disease caused)

Giardiasis (stomach cramps/diarrhea)

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Giardia duodenalis
(Mode of transmission)

Direct Transmission: Fecal-Oral Route (contaminated water containing the ameba enters thru the nose)

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Giardia duodenalis
(Intermediate host)

N/A (Direct Transmission)

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Giardia duodenalis (Definitive host)

Humans and other mammals

Giardia duodenalis (Infective Stage)

Cyst in infected water

Giardia duodenalis (Diagnostic Stage)

Cyst & Trophozoites in small intestine

Giardia duodenalis (Treatment)

Metronidazole

Naegleria fowleri (Disease caused)

Primary Amebic Meningoencaphalitis (PAM) (fever, hallucinations, gastritis)

Naegleria fowleri (Mode of transmission)

Direct Transmission: Water-Borne Transmission

Naegleria fowleri (Intermediate host)

N/A (Free-living in warm freshwater and soil)

Naegleria fowleri (Definitive host)

Humans or Animals (penetrates nasal mucosa and migrates too brain; no definitive host)

Naegleria fowleri (Infective stage)

Trophozoites in water

Naegleria fowleri (Diagnostic stage)

Trophozoites (CSF and Brain Tissue) & Flagellated Forms (Ocassionally in CSF)

Naegleria fowleri (Treatment)

Amphotericin B in combination with Clotrimazole (however, most die prior to effective treatment)

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (Disease caused)

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (Mode of transmission)

Direct Transmission: Fecal-Oral Route (swallowing contaminated water)

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (Intermediate host)

N/A (Direct Transmission)

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (Definitive host)

Humans

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (Infective stage)

Cyst (Formed Stool) Trophozoites (Diarrheal Stool) in food and water

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (Diagnostic stage)

Cyst (Formed Stool) is ingested Trophozoites (Diarrheal Stool) in the colon

Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (Treatment)

Metronidazole & Diloxanide Furoate

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense (Disease caused)

African Trypanosomiasis T.b. gambiense = Chronic West African Sleeping Sickness T.b. rhodesiense = Acute East African Sleeping Sickness

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense (Mode of transmission)

Tstetse Fly Vector Transmission - Blood Meal (bite of tsetse flies (glosinna))

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense (Intermediate host)

Tsetse Fly Vector: Glossina spp. Long, slender trypomastigote

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense (Definitive host)

Humans

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense (Infective stage)

Metacyclic Trypomastigotes (tsetse fly takes a blood meal)

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense (Diagnostic stage)

M. cyclic trypomastigotes infects blood which has an acute phase (circulating trypamastigotes)

Trypanosoma brunei gambiense/rhodesiense (Treatment)

First Stage = Intravenous suramin sodium for both spp., Intramuscular pentamidine for Gambian form CNS Stage = Intravenous Melarsoprol, if inefficient, use Nitrofurazone Hemolymphatic Stage = Eflorinthine (Effective against T.b. gambiense) Benznidazole

Sarcocystis spp. (Disease caused)

Sarcocystosis

Sarcocystis spp. (Mode of transmission)

- Fecal-Oral Route - Ingestion of Undercooked Meat - Ingesting the form of the parasite that has been passed in animal feces

Sarcocystis spp. (Intermediate host)

S. hominis: Cattle; S. suihominis: Pigs herbivores

Sarcocystis spp. (Definitive host)

Carnivores (Humans, Dogs, Cats)

Sarcocystis spp. (Infective stage)

Oocyst with bradyzoites in undercooked meat

Sarcocystis spp. (Diagnostic stage)

Bradyzoites in intestine cause cells to rupture when it release gametes

Sarcocystis spp. (Treatment)

Muscle Biopsy, Albendazole, & Corticosteroids (no direct corticosteroids in inflammation)

Babesia spp. (Disease caused)

Babesiosis

Specific Babesia spp.

Babesia microti

Babesia spp. (Mode of transmission)

Tick Vector: Blood Meal or Transfusion (through the bite of an infected tick)

Babesia spp. (Intermediate host)

Tick Vector: Ixodes scapularis White-Footed Mouse

Babesia spp. (Definitive host)

Vertebrate mammals (e.g. humans, rodents, and dogs)

Babesia spp. (Infective stage)

Sporozoites injected by ticks

Babesia spp. (Diagnostic stage)

Trophozoites (in RBC) and Merozoites

Babesia spp. (Treatment) clue: C+Q

Clindamycin + Quinine Azithromycin + Atovaquone Antipyretics Vasopressors

Toxoplasma gondii (Disease caused)

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii (Mode of transmission)

Fecal-Oral Route, Ingestion of Undercooked Meat

Toxoplasma gondii (Intermediate host)

Warm-blooded animals (including humans, birds, and rodents)

Toxoplasma gondii (Definitive host)

Family Felidae (domestic cats and their relatives)

Toxoplasma gondii (Infective stage)

Oocysts in infected meat, Tachyzoite, and Bradyzoite

Toxoplasma gondii (Diagnostic stage)

Humans and other IH: Tachyzoite & Bradyzoite Domestic & Wild felids: Oocysts in muscle tissue or brain tissue, Tachyzoites, & Bradyzoites

Toxoplasma gondii (Treatment)

Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine

Cryptosporidium spp. (Disease caused)

Cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidium spp. (Mode of transmission)

Direct Transmission: Fecal-Oral Route (swallowing contaminated water)

Cryptosporidium spp. (Intermediate Host)

N/A (Direct Transmission)

Cryptosporidium spp. (Definitive host)

Vertebrate mammals (including humans)

Cryptosporidium spp. (Infective stage)

Thick-walled oocyst ingested by host Thick-walled oocyst (sporulated) exits host

Cryptosporidium spp. (Diagnostic stage)

Thick-walled oocyst in stool samples (sporulated) exits host

Cryptosporidium spp. (Treatment) clue: NA

Nitazoxanide & Azithromycin

E. histolytica (cyst or trophozoite) has: - definitive stage - more nucleus and can be seen clearly - considered a diagnostic stage - longer shelf life

E. histolytica cyst

E. histolytica (cyst or trophozoite) has: - irregular shapes - short lived

E. histolytica trophozoite

- Free living amoeba - Pathogenic and opportunistic parasite

Acanthamoeba

Acanthamoeba (Diagnostic stage)

Cysts and Trophozoites lodged in the tissue

Acanthamoeba (Life cycle)

- causes keratitis if it enters the eye - causes GAE if it infects the nasal passages

Genus of E. histolytica

Entamoeba

Genus of N. fowleri

Percolozoa

Naegleria fowleri adult form

Naegleria fowleri (ameboflagellate)

3 stages of the life cycle of Naegleria spp.

Cyst, Trophozoite, and Flagellate

Freeliving amebo-flagellate trophozoite form ____________ swimming form ______________

ameba flagellate

Genus of T. vaginalis

Trichomonas

Leading parasitic disease that causes mortality worldwide

Malaria

Called the African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma

Genus of Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma

Genus of Leishmaniasis

Leishmania

Most common sore ulcer

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Numerous diffuse satellite lesions

Mucocutaenous leishmaniasis

Spread of parasites into bone marrow, spleen, and liver

Visceral leishmaniasis

Infect the intestinal tract of vertebrates

Coccidians

Where all stages of development are completed in Cryptosporidium

Gastrointestinal tract of the host

Toxoplasmosis life cycle

Schizogony, gametogony, and sporogony

Simplest form of Sarcocystis spp.

Zoite

Invasive form of Sarcocystis spp.

Vasculitis

Intestinal form of Sarcocystis spp.

Nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain

Sarcocystis spp. symptoms

Anorexia, nausea, and abdominal pain

Hemosporidian parasite causing babesiosis

Babesia spp.

Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica

Freshwater snail

Intermediatete host of Clonorchis sinensis

Snail: Parafossarulus

Intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani (snail)

Antemelania asperata, Antemelania dactylus

Intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani (Crab)

Mountain crabs

Intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum

Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi

causes Chagas disease, transmitted by "kissing bugs", causes damage to nervous system

Trypanosoma cruzi

- Intracellular protozoan found within RBCs. - Spread by infected ticks

Babesia

Intermediate host of Taenia solium

Pig/Swine

Intermediate host of Taenia sagenata

Cow

After humans consume the eggs passed on by dogs, the worms can form huge cysts in the body

Hydatid disease

2nd most common parasitic disease

Giardia

Most common cause of diarrhea

Cryptosporidium

Most common reason why people get infected

fecal-oral transmission

Common parasites found in meat

toxoplasma trichinella taenia gnathostoma

One of the most neglected tropical disease

Schistosomiasis

LE1 (Parasitic Protozoans) Flashcards

(119 cards)