LEAF STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND ADAPTATION

Question 1

The epidermis consists of the ______ and ______ epidermis.

Answer 1

upper, lower

Question 2

the upper and lower epidermis aids in the regulation of ________ via ________.

Answer 2

gas exchange, stomata

Question 3

the epidermis is ____ layer thick, but may have more
layers to prevent _________.

Answer 3

one, transpiration

Question 4

The ________ is located outside the epidermis and
protects against water loss

Answer 4

cuticle

Question 5

the cuticle protects against _______.

Answer 5

water loss

Question 6

It discourages predation

Answer 6

trichomes

Question 7

is found between the upper and lower epidermis

Answer 7

Mesophyll

Question 8

the mesophyll aids in _________ and ________ by ________.

Answer 8

gas exchange, photosynthesis, chloroplasts

Question 9

It transports water and minerals to the leaves

Answer 9

xylem

Question 10

it transports the photosynthetic
products to the other parts of the plant.

Answer 10

phloem

Question 11

Plants in _____ climates have needle-like leaves that
are reduced in _____.

Answer 11

cold, size

Question 12

plants in _____ climates have succulent leaves that help to __________.

Answer 12

hot, conserve water

Question 13

a hair or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant.

Answer 13

trichome

Question 14

a noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants

Answer 14

cuticle

Question 15

the inner tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, containing many chloroplasts

Answer 15

mesophyll

Question 16

The outermost layer of the leaf

Answer 16

epidermis

Question 17

Botanists call the upper side of the leaf the _______ (______) and the lower side of the leaf the _______ (_______).

Answer 17

adaxial surface (adaxis), abaxial surface (abaxis).

Question 18

are openings through which the exchange of gases takes place.

Answer 18

stomata

Question 19

it contains the stomata

Answer 19

epidermis

Question 20

how many guard cells surround each stoma

Answer 20

two guard cells

Question 21

it regulates the opening and closing of the stoma

Answer 21

guard cells

Question 22

are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts.

Answer 22

guard cells

Question 23

A waxy layer that covers the leaves of all plant species.

Answer 23

cuticle

Question 24

help to avert herbivory by restricting insect movements or by storing toxic or bad-tasting compounds.

Answer 24

trichomes

Question 25

Trichomes can also reduce the rate of ________ by blocking ________ across the leaf surface.

Answer 25

transpiration, air flow

Question 26

example plants trichomes

Answer 26

sundew (Drosera sp.), Arabidopsis lyrata, Quercus marilandica

Question 27

Below the epidermis of dicot leaves are layers of cells known as the mesophyll, or “____________.”

Answer 27

middle leaf

Question 28

The mesophyll of most leaves typically contains two arrangements of parenchyma cells:

Answer 28

the palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma

Question 29

The palisade parenchyma also called the

Answer 29

palisade mesophyll

Question 30

aids in photosynthesis and has column-shaped, tightly-packed cells

Answer 30

palisade parenchyma

Question 31

Below the palisade parenchyma are loosely-arranged cells of an irregular shape called

Answer 31

spongy parenchyma or spongy mesophyll

Question 32

used to see leaf layers clearly

Answer 32

scanning electron micrograph

Question 33

The numerous small bumps in the palisade parenchyma cells are ________. The bumps protruding from the lower surface of the leaf are _________.

Answer 33

chloroplasts, glandular trichomes

Question 34

The xylem consists of ______ and _______ which transport water and minerals to the leaves

Answer 34

tracheids, vessels

Question 35

The _____ transports the photosynthetic products from the leaf to the other parts of the plant.

Answer 35

phloem

Question 36

plant species that thrive in cold environments, such as spruce, fir, and pine, have leaves that are reduced in size and needle-like in appearance.

Answer 36

coniferous

Question 37

The needle-like leaves of coniferous plants have ____________ and a ____________, two attributes that aid in reducing water loss.

Answer 37

sunken stomata, smaller surface area

Question 38

example of a plant with succulent leaves that help to conserve water

Answer 38

cacti

Question 39

are the main sites for photosynthesis

Answer 39

leaves

Question 40

Most leaves are usually green, due to the presence of _________ in the leaf cells.

Answer 40

chlorophyll

Question 41

Leaves that do not have a petiole and are directly attached to the plant stem are called

Answer 41

sessile leaves

Question 42

plants that grow on other plants that serve as a physical support

Answer 42

epiphytes

Question 43

example of tropical epiphytes

Answer 43

Bromeliads (members of the pineapple family), ferns, and orchids

Question 44

One of the most well-known bromeliads is _______ (Tillandsia usneoides)

Answer 44

Spanish moss

Question 45

upward-growing roots containing pores and pockets of tissue specialized for gas exchange

Answer 45

pneumatophores

Question 46

specie of mangrove

Answer 46

cypress tree

Question 47

air-filled tissue and large spaces in the root cortex called

Answer 47

aerenchyma