Learning:

Question 1

what is maturation?

Answer 1

development process to maturing
based on an orderly sequence of change in the nervous system
responses that depend on maturation appear at predictable times

Question 2

what are learned behaviours?

Answer 2

racism, hatred

phobias, love, generosity

Question 3

what is the definition of learning?

Answer 3

learning is a relatively permanent change
can be immediate or delayed
something must be different after you have learned

Question 4

define classical conditioning?

Answer 4

forming associations between two stimuli that are unrelated

Question 5

what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 5

is a stimulus connected to an unconditioned response

Question 6

what is the unconditioned response?

Answer 6

is the unlearned response connected to the unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

what is the neutral stimulus?

Answer 7

is the stimulus that does not naturally bring about the desired response (the un connected stimulus)

Question 8

what is the conditioned stimulus?

Answer 8

previously nutural (un connected stimulus) stimulus through repeated pairings with an unconditioned response

Question 9

what is a conditioned responce?

Answer 9

is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

Question 10

what makes something contiguous?

Answer 10

stimuli are contiguous is they occer together in time repetitively

Question 11

what is contingency?

Answer 11

how likely the event will happen depending on another event

Question 12

how does someone’s preparedness for learning affect results? give an example

Answer 12

biological readiness
responses can be connected much more readily to certain stimuli than others

having a phobia of spiders is much easier than learning to drive.

Question 13

what is acquisition?

Answer 13

the exact moment the new response has been learnt

Question 14

what is stimulus generalisation?

Answer 14

when stimuli are generalised when they are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 15

what is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 15

when a learned response is specific to the stimulus and does not respond to the same way to a similar stimulus

Question 16

what is extinction?

Answer 16

gradual weakening or extinction to a previously conditioned response

Question 17

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 17

when a previously extinct response reappears after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 18

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 18

that behaviour responses can be altered through reward and consequence

Question 19

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 19

pleasant stimulus given

giving a dog a treat

Question 20

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 20

unpleasant stimulus removed after a behaviour

Question 21

what is positive punishment?

Answer 21

unpleasent stimulus given after an underserable behaviour

Question 22

what is negative punishment?

Answer 22

pleasent stimuus removed after an undersierable behaviour

Question 23

what is punishemnt within operent conditioning good for?

Answer 23

short term beahiour chnage

not good for long term behaviour chnage

Question 24

what is reainforcemnt used for within operant conditioning?

Answer 24

can be usful for shirt term beahviour change

for long term only reward and reinforcement is good

Question 25

what are the two kinds of scheduals of reinforcement?

Answer 25

intermittent or continuous

Question 26

what are the difference between interval and ratio?

Answer 26

interval- after a certain number of responses | ratio- every "this" many responses

Question 27

what is the difference between fixed and variable?

Answer 27

fixed- same every time | variable- on average

Question 28

what is variable ratio best for?

Answer 28

maintaining a behaviour

Question 29

what is fixed ratio best for?

Answer 29

learning a new behaviour

Question 30

what is observational learning?

Answer 30

learning through watching others doing the desired behaviour

Question 31

what are the four levels of observational learning?

Answer 31

attention retention reproduction motivation

Question 32

what is learned helplessness?

Answer 32

a condition of feeling out of control of your own environment doesn't take action even though it is easily identifiable

Question 33

what is an internal locus of control?

Answer 33

when the person feels as though they are not in control of their environment they have no power to change their world

Question 34

what is the external locus of control?

Answer 34

when the person feels as though they have control over their environment that has the power to change their world

Question 35

give an example of how learned helplessness can affect people?

Answer 35

dampness social skills or willingness to socialise

Question 36

can learned helplessness be unlearned?

Answer 36

no learned behaviour is permanent and can be unlearnt

Question 37

what is exposure therapy? what is it used for?

Answer 37

used for phobias | showing the person that the feared situation won't have the consequence they fear to expect

Question 38

what is aversion therapy?

Answer 38

used to reduce behaviours | exposed to stimulus while being exposed to discomfort