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Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Learning

A

any relative permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant stimulus results in a change in the response to the previously neutral stimulus

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3
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

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4
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Reflexive unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response

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6
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

learned response that occurs to the conditioned response

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7
Q

Acquisition

A

a response is established

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8
Q

Extinction

A

reduction of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

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9
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, after some time has passed since extinction

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10
Q

Generalization

A

response that originally occurred for a specific stimulus also occurs for different but similar stimulus

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to respond to one original conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

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12
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A

consist of emotional and psychological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

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13
Q

preparedness

A

the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimulus

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14
Q

Conditioned taste aversions

A

acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness

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15
Q

latent inhibition

A

frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a unconditioned stimulus makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

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16
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of learning which behaviour is influenced by consequences

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17
Q

Reinforcement

A

event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

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18
Q

law of effect

A

responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation whereas those not followed by satisfaction become less likely

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19
Q

reinforcer

A

stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again

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20
Q

punishment

A

process that decreases the future probability of a response

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21
Q

punisher

A

stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that results in a decrease in behaviour

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22
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise, money or nourishment follow that behaviour

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23
Q

negative reinforcement

A

involves the strengthening of behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

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24
Q

avoidance learning

A

type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

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25
Escape learning
occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already presented
26
positive punishment
behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular usually unpleasant stimulus
27
negative punishment
behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular substance
28
shaping
successive approximations of a specific operant response
29
chaining
involves linking together 2 or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions
30
applied behavioural analysis
using close observation, prompting and reinforcement to reach behaviours often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition
31
primary reinforcers
reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs
32
secondary reinforcers
consist of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value
33
schedules of reinforcement
rules that determine when reinforcement is available
34
continuous reinforcement
every response made results in reinforcement
35
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
only a certain number number of responses are rewarded or certain amount of time must pass for rewards
36
latent learning
learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced to do so
37
observational learning
changes in behaviour and knowledge that result from watching others
38
imitation
recreating someone else's motor behaviour or expression, often to accomplish a specific goal
39
memory
collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amount of times
40
stores
retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose
41
control processes
shift information from one memory store to another
42
attention
selects which information will be passed onto short term memory
43
encoding
the process of storing information into the long term memory system
44
retrieval
brings information from LTM back into STM
45
sensory memory
memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time
46
iconic memory
visual form of sensory memory
47
echoic memory
auditory form of sensory memory
48
short term memory
memory store with limited capacity and duration
49
chunking
organizing smaller units of information into larger more meaningful units
50
long term memory
holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanent
51
serial position effect
first 2 things off a list and last 2 things off a list and only one maybe 2 from middle
52
proactive interference
process in which first information is learned (first on a list)
53
retroactive interference
most recently learned information (last on a list)
54
brain areas involved in memory
frontal lobe, cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex hippocampus, cerebellum
55
rehearsal
repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore
56
working memory
combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a small period of time
57
phonological loop
storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds, or an auditory code
58
word length effect
people remember 1 syllable words better that multiple syllable words
59
visuospatial sketchpad
storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in visuospatial code
60
feature binding
process of combining visual features into a single unit
61
episodic buffer
a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other 2 components into coherent story like episodes
62
central executive
control centre of working memory coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage compartments
63
declarative memories
memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized including facts about the world and own personal experiences
64
non-declarative memories
actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness
65
episodic memories
declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around episodes and are recalled from a first person perspective
66
semantic memories
declarative memories that include facts about the world
67
procedural memory
learned patterns of muscle movements
68
long term potentiation
demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together
69
consolidation
process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain
70
amnesia
a profound loss of at least one form of memory
71
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury
72
storage
refers to the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval
73
reconsolidation
the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories
74
cross-cortical storage
long-term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain, than being localized in one region
75
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember what was already known
76
shallow processing
encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus such as the sound or spelling a word
77
deep processing
encoding information about an items meaning or its function
78
self-reference effect
think about information in terms of how it relates to you
79
recognition
identifying a stimulus or information when it is presented to you
80
recall
retrieving information when asked but without that information being present during the retrieval process
81
encoding specificity principle
retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same
82
context-dependent memory
retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding
83
state-dependent memory
retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding
84
mood-dependent memory
people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood from encoding
85
weapon focus
tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information including the identity of the person holding the weapon
86
flashbulb memory
extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event
87
the forgetting curve
most forgetting occurs right away and that the rate of forgetting eventually slows to a point where one does not seem to forget at all
88
mnemonic
technique intended to improve memory for specific information
89
method of loci
mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path
90
acronyms
pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items
91
first-letter technique
the first letters of a set items to spell out words that form a sentence
92
dual coding
occurs when information is stored in more than one form
93
desirable difficulties
techniques that make studying slower and more effortful but result in better overall remembering
94
testing effect
finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance

Psychology (3 decks)

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