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Psychology 2 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Pavlov

A

-classical conditioning

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2
Q

Watson

A

“Blank state”

-we can take anyone and shape them into anything

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A
  • passive response
  • reflexes
  • elicited responses
  • reinforcement is irrelevant to learning
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4
Q

Principles of classical conditioning

A
  • stimulus substitution
  • associative learning
  • acquisition
  • extinction
  • spontaneous recovery
  • second-order conditioning
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5
Q

Associative learning

-type of learning?

A
  • type of classical conditioning
  • neural stimulus leads to reflexive behavior
  • ie pavlov’s dog
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6
Q

Stimulus substitution

-type of conditioning?

A
  • type of classical conditioning

- stimuli associated and can be substituted

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7
Q

Acquisition

A
  • phase of classical conditioning when CS and US are presented together
  • ie dog doesn’t realize that food is coming right away
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8
Q

Extinction

A
  • CS alone
  • response drops off bc association isnt there
  • learning is still there but it’s not at forefront of brain
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9
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

-bursts of remembering

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10
Q

Generalization

A

-CR observed even when CS is a little different than the one used during acquisition

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11
Q

Discrimmination

A

The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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12
Q

Generalization and discrimination

A

-the more you have of 1, the less you have of the other

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13
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

With example

A

Naturally produced reaction to stimulus

-ie give dog food

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14
Q

Unconditioned response

With example

A

Reflexive action from unconditioned stimulus

-ie dog salivates in response to food

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15
Q

Conditioned stimulus

With example

A

Initially neural and produces no reliable response

-ie ringing a bell for dog with food

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15
Q

Conditioned response

With example

A

Reaction is the same as UR but is produced by CS

  • not as strong as UR
  • ie dog salivates with buzzer sound
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16
Q

What occurs in brain when stimulus acquires conditioned properties

A
  • generalizes
  • discriminates
  • extinguishes
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18
Q

Little Albert experiment results

A
  • performed by Watson
  • used pavlov’s theory of associative memory to Albert’s learning of fear
  • showed that strong emotions can be learned and generalized
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19
Q

Little Albert experiment

A

-associated mouse with loud noise
-learned to fear mouse
-translated fear to other animals
-US: loud noise
UR: fearful crying
-CS: white rat
CR: fearful crying from rat

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20
Q

Little Albert experiment exemplifies classical conditioning principles

A
  • stimulus substitution: fur coat, monkey, rabbit
  • discrimination: if monkey is ok
  • extinguish: mouse without noise is ok after time
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21
Q

2 factor theory of learning

  • who discovered theory
  • main theory
A
  • Mowrer
  • theory of avoidance learning
  • classical: learn to avoid
  • operative: avoiding results in reward, fear continues
  • negative reinforcement: taking away something negative (fear)
  • reinforcing avoidance behavior
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22
Q

Delay conditioning

A
  • part of classical conditioning
  • CS followed by US
  • ie tone (CS) followed by puff of air (US) into eye. Response=eye blink; tone eventually elicits eye blink
  • tone is on, puff, both end together
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23
Q

Trace conditioning

  • example
  • part of brain
A
  • same as delay conditioning except tone goes then pause then puff of air (aware of difference between US and CS)
  • ie people on vegetative state may process verbal stimuli
  • hippocampus
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24
Q

Biological preparedness

A
  • tendency for learning certain kinds of associations over others
  • some behaviors are easy to condition, others are not
  • classical conditioning works best with stimuli that are biologically relevant to organism
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25
Q

Conditioned emotional response (CER)

A
  • emotionally charges CR elicited by previously neutral stimulus
  • ie food, music, sexual interests
  • sexual arousal:
    • US: erotic imagery; UR: arousal
    • CS: shoes; CS: arousal
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26
Q

Drug tolerance and classical conditioning

A
  • conditioned stimuli before drug intake can illicit response that prepares body for drug
  • overdose: taking heroin in different location because body is not prepared for it
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27
Q

Phobias

A
  • anxiety disorder
  • panic attacks
  • treatment: use counter conditioning
28
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

-Use counter conditioning to treat phobias

29
Q

Counter conditioning

A
  • weakening CR by associating CS with a new response incompatible with fear
  • makes new pairings by using exposure and extinction
30
Q

Therapist techniques for treating phobias

A
  • therapist develops a hierarchy of feared conditions
  • relaxation and coping
  • client applies learned skills while imagining CS
31
Q

Invivo desensitization video

A
  • makes visualization real

- virtual imagery to treat certain phobias (ie fear of heights or fear of airplanes)

32
Q

Flooding

A
  • forcing someone into a situation where they have to face fears
  • therapist is there reminding them of the skills they learned
  • ie planes with snakes
33
Q

Phobias, classical conditioning and operative conditioning

A

-phobias start with classical conditioning and are maintained by operative conditioning

34
Q

Operant conditioning

  • part of brain
  • neurotransmitter?
A
  • active
  • voluntary responses
  • response emitted
  • consequences and reqards
  • reinforcement for desired response
  • are actions beneficial?
  • nucleus accumbens
  • dopamine
35
Q

The law of effect

-who developed it?

A
  • thorndike
  • behaviors that give satisfaction are more likely to be repeated
  • behaviors that are unsatisfying are less likely to be repeated
36
Q

Operant behavior

A

-behavior has some impact on the environment and has consequences

37
Q

Skinner box

A
  • researchers can study organisms in a controlled environment
  • used to study operant behavior
  • use ideas of reinforcement and punishment
38
Q

Reinforcer

A

Stimulus that encourages behavior that lead to it

39
Q

Punisher

A

Stimulus that Decreases likelihood of behavior that lead to it

40
Q

Positive reinforcement

A
  • present rewarding stimulus

- increase chance of behavior

41
Q

Negative reinforcement

A
  • negative stimulus removed

- inc chance of behavior

42
Q

Positive punishment

A
  • unpleasant stimulus administered
  • dec chance of behavior
  • ie giving a fine
43
Q

Negative punishment

A
  • rewarding stimulus is removed
  • dec chance of behavior
  • ie being grounded
44
Q

Primary reinforcers

A
  • help satisfy biological needs
  • need to survive
  • ie food, water, shelter
45
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A
  • effective bc of association with primary reinforcers thru classical conditioning
  • ie money is 2dary but is assoc with buying food and shelter etc
47
Q

Overjustification effect

A
  • external rewards make the task seem less satisfying
  • too much reinforcemnt
  • less creative solutions when paid for creative jobs
48
Q

Context/stimulus control

  • who is covered it?
  • 3-term contingency
A
  • thorndike: leaning takes place in contexts
  • skinner rephrased: behavior under stimulus control
  • 3 terms: discriminative stimulus, response, reinforcer
  • ie drinking coffee at Starbucks, making jokes about professor, laughter
49
Q

Extinction with operant conditioning

-difference from classical conditioning

A
  • occurs when reward stops coming
  • classical conditioning: US occurs in every trial
  • operant conditioning: reinforcement only happens with proper response
  • depends on how often reinforcement is received
50
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A
  • interval schedules: fixed and variable

- ratio schedules: fixed and variable

51
Q

Fixed interval schedules

A
  • reinforcers at fixed time periods

- ie exams (study more right before)

52
Q

Variable interval schedule

A
  • reinforcement based on average time
  • ie don’t know when it’s coming within some 2 minute period
  • ie pop quiz
  • produce consistent responding
53
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A
  • reinforcement after a certain number of responses have been made
  • ie workers get paid after making 10 shirts
53
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A
  • reinforcement after particular average number of responses
  • slot machine winner every 100 pulls
  • higher rates of responding, never know when reinforcement will appear
54
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A
  • reinforcement after each response

- fixed ratio

55
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A
  • when only some responses are followed with reinforcement
  • produce behavior more resistant to extinction
  • ie slot machine you will keep playing until you win
56
Q

Intermittent-reinforcement effect

A

operant behaviors are maintained in intermittent reinforcement schedules; less likely to undergo extinction than continuous reinforcement

57
Q

Alcohol as a positive and negative reinforcer

A
  • positive: enjoying glass of wine

- negative: if you don’t want to go to a party and you drink to calm your nerves (reduces bad things)

58
Q

Shaping

A

Learning that results from reinforcement of successive steps lead to final desired behavior
-ie pigeon and pecking bar for food

59
Q

Latent learning

A

-learned but behavior changes occur later in the future

60
Q

Cognitive map

A

Mental representation of the physical features of the environment
-ie rats form a mental image of a maze once they learn their way around

61
Q

Social learning

-who?

A
  • modeling behaviors and attitudes emotions
  • involves cognitive behavioral and environmental influences
  • bandura
62
Q

Bandura and the bobo dolls

-result/conclusion

A
  • child plays with bobo doll
  • adult comes and beats it up
  • child acts more aggressively towards doll
  • watch adult get reprimanded, less likely to engage in behavior
  • if adult gets reprimanded, more likely to engage in behavior
  • direct reinforcement and punishment are not necessary for learning-don’t need direct shaping
63
Q

Brain functioning in operant conditioning

A
  • pleasure centers: middle forebrain, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens
  • nucleus accumbens secreted dopamine=happier
64
Q

Operational learning

A

-learning that takes place by watching the actions of others

65
Q

Diffusion chain

A
  • associated with observational learning

- one person learns something from someone, someone else learns that thing from that person and so on

66
Q

Implicit learning

A
  • learning that takes place without the awareness of the process or products of information acquisition
  • ie language patterns
67
Q

Habituation

A
  • repeated exposure reduces response

- get used to things ie plane noise if you travel a lot

Psychology 2 (4 decks)

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