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Psychology 2 > Memory process > Flashcards

Memory process Flashcards

1
Q

4 models of memory

A
  1. Info processing
  2. Parallel distribution
  3. Levels of processing
  4. 3 stage model
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2
Q

Memory

A

Ability to store and retrieve information over time

-constructed, not recorded

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3
Q

Info processing

A
  • memory is a process
  • brain is like a computer
  • 3 basic functions: encoding, storage, retrieval
  • memory is malleable
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4
Q

Encoding

A

Transforming what we perceive, think, feel into memory (short term)

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5
Q

Storage

A

Maintaining info in memory over time (long term)

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

Bringing to mind info that has been encoded and stored

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7
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

actively relating new information to knowledge already in memory
-left frontal lobe; inner part of temporal lobe

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8
Q

3 types of encoding

A
  1. Elaborative
  2. Visual imagery
  3. Organizational
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9
Q

Parallel distribution

A
  • memory distributed across brain thru network of interconnected neurons
  • activated: network works in parallel manner (simultaneously) to process info
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10
Q

Levels of processing

A
  • remember something better if you process in a deeper manner
  • shallow processing-little memory
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11
Q

3 stage model (storage)

A
  1. Sensory memory: short amount of time
  2. Short term memory: 30 s or less
  3. Long term memory: relatively permanent
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12
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

Storing info by converting it into mental pictures

  • kind of like elaborative encoding
  • use occipital lobe and temporal lobe
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13
Q

Organizational encoding

A

Categorizing info according to relationships

-frontal lobe

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14
Q

Iconic memory

A
  • Fast-decaying store of visual information

- less than 1 sec

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15
Q

Echoic memory

A

Fast-decaying store of auditory information

-lasts several sec

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16
Q

Sensory storage

A
  • brief copy of stimuli that registers during sensory processing (transduction)
  • Holds info for a few sec or less
  • iconic and Echoic
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17
Q

Short term memory

A

Holds non-sensory information for more than a few sec but less than a minute

  • working memory
  • visual spacial sketch pad
  • phonological research loop - language based
  • central executive
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18
Q

Rehearsal

A
  • mentally repeating information to keep it in short term memory
  • can hold 7 meaningful items at once
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19
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small pieces of info Into larger clusters or chunks

  • increase stm
  • facilitates consolidation in ltm
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20
Q

Working memory

A
  • active maintenance of information in short term storage
  • short term isn’t just a place to hold info, we can process that info
  • STM requires attn and has limited capacity
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21
Q

Primary and recency effect

A

You remember the first and last things best

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22
Q

Long term memory

A
  • no known capacity or limits

- store information for days, weeks, years

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23
Q

HM

A
  • 27 yr old man that suffered epilepsy
  • Docs removed parts of temporal lobe, incl hippocampus
  • stm was fine, no ltm
  • anterograde amnesia
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24
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to transfer new info from STM to LTM

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25
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date
-usually after injury or operation

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26
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Memories become stable in the brain

  • transfer of info from hippocampus to permanent storage sites
  • boost from sleeping
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27
Q

reconsolidation

A

Memories become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be Reconsolidated again

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28
Q

Flow of information through the memory system

A

Sensory input–>sensory memory (unattended info is lost)–attention–>STM (maintenance rehearsal)–retrieval–>LTM (some info lost over time)

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29
Q

Where are memories stored?

A
  • In spaces between neurons

- act of sending strengthens the connections between synapses

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30
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Communication across a synapse neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
-ie. glutamate and excitation

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31
Q

NMDA receptors

A
  • influences the flow of info between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTM in most hippocampal pathways
  • increase connections, inc intelligence
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32
Q

Types of long term memory

A

LTM–>explicit and implicit
Explicit–>semantic and episodic
Implicit–>procedural and priming

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33
Q

Explicit memory

A

Things you can tell other people about

  • encoding: elaborative rehearsal, chunking
  • need to to beyond rote rehearsal for deeper processing
  • semantic network-elaborative rehearsal
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39
Q

Semantic memory

A

General knowledge; language based

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39
Q

Episodic memory

A

Personal experienced events

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39
Q

State dependent retrieval

A
  • inner state

- tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

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40
Q

Procedural memory

A

Motor and cognitive skills

-ie. riding bike, tying shoe

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40
Q

Transfer appropriate processing

A
  • memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of situations match
  • retrieval cue must match encoding context
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41
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

Retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

  • occurs during conversations
  • effects eye-witness memory
42
Q

Difference between trying to retrieve and successfully retrieving information

A
  • trying: frontal lobe activated

- successfully: hippocampus activated

43
Q

Retrieval cue

A

External info associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

43
Q

Measuring explicit memories

A

Recall vs recognition

44
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

44
Q

Recall

A

Intentionally bringing explicit memories to awareness

45
Q

Recognition

A

Encoding input and matching it to stored representation

46
Q

Organization of explicit ltm

A
  • semantic network of related concepts

- activation of 1 concept leads to priming of semantically related concepts, making it easier to retrieve memories

47
Q

Oliver sacks

A
  • worked with patients that had memory loss

- noticed people could unknowingly have connections to past but might not remember it

48
Q

Memory demands for testing and studying

A
  • consolidate knowledge, don’t memorize
  • chunking hierarchies -elaborate rehearsal
  • sleep=more hippocampal activity
  • hippocampus is less involved in recall (frontal lobe is more)
49
Q

Role of hippocampus in ltm

A
  • critical index for ltm
  • consolidation: memory becomes stable in the brain
  • re-consolidation: memories can become vulnerable to disruption when recalled; require Reconsolidation
50
Q

Biological basis of memory

A
  • repeated stimulation of synapse can strengthen synapse

- dendrites grow more spines

51
Q

Implicit memory

A
  • past experiences influence later behavior and performance even when people aren’t trying to remember them
  • ie. HM Remembering to be polite; improved performance even when he doesn’t remember performing the task before
52
Q

Procedural memory

A
  • gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things
  • things you remember are automatically translated into actions
53
Q

Priming

A

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus

  • implicit memory
  • ie. full in the blank exercise
  • does not use hippocampus; uses cortex
54
Q

Perceptual priming vs conceptual priming

A
  • perceptual: implicit memory for sensory features; right hemisphere
  • conceptual: implicit priming for words/using objects; left hemisphere
55
Q

Role of the hippocampus

A
  • involved in episodic memory

- not necessary for semantic memory

56
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

Cognitive nearsightedness

  • relatively low BAC=.06
  • alcohol decreases reasoning and concentration
  • can’t process all cues
57
Q

“reconstructive”nature of ltm

A
  • elizabeth loftus
  • when we try to recall stuff, we remember fragments and fill in the gaps with logic and other knowledge
  • gaps filled by stereotypes, schemes and scripts
58
Q

Confabulation

A
  • honest lying

- remember fragments of events and make a fable to connect them

59
Q

Enhancing memory video

A
  • memories stick bc they arouse emotions
  • ice: stress hormone response which helps “set” memory
  • role of amygdala: needed for learning
  • men and women store info in diff parts of brain
60
Q

Role of amygdala from enhancing memory movie

A
  • learning

- without it, we would remember everything equally

61
Q

Men and women store info differently

A
  • men: right amygdala activated; remember gist

- women: left amygdala activated; remember details

62
Q

Accident with quadriplegic vs paraplegic

A
  • quad: less likely to have PTSD than paraplegic bc link between brain and adrenal glad is broken (no dress hormone response)
  • less psychological response
63
Q

How does emotion boost memory; hormone and brain parts responsible

A
  • store emotional memory better
  • need NE
  • hippocampus: encoding; influenced by amygdala
64
Q

Flashbulb memories

A
  • vivid memory of dramatic event
  • ie. where you were on 9/11
  • may be influenced by fight or flight; not always accurate
65
Q

Real world implications of memory research

A
  1. False memories
  2. Repressed memories
  3. Eye witness testimony
66
Q

False memories

A
  • facts from fiction
  • not deliberate deceit
  • add details
  • witness crime, read about it and gain memory
67
Q

Repressed memory

A
  • bad therapy practices

- ie say it sounds like you’re sexually abused; implanting idea

68
Q

Eye witness testimony

A
  • confident of opinion even if wrong
  • not always reliable, even when not lying
  • ie people identity innocent people in mugshots
69
Q

Loftus false memory research

A
  • asked sibling to tell younger sib about time lost in mall
  • younger sib has genuine memory
  • adds details
  • harder to do if it was more extreme
70
Q

Repressed memories; Williams research

A
  • can be implanted
  • Williams interviewed women bright to ER for sexual abuse
  • 17 yrs later, many didn’t remember event or even being abused
  • need retrieval cues
71
Q

PTSD

A
  • memory and anxiety disorder
  • flashbacks and re-experiencing traumatic memory
  • 3 factors
72
Q

3 factors that maintains re-experiencing

A
  1. Memory process responsible for easy triggering
  2. Individual interpretation
  3. Cognitive and behavioral responses to trauma
73
Q

Trauma involves; memory process=easy triggering

A
  • strong perceptual priming
  • strong associative learning
  • poor memory elaboration
74
Q

Trauma and “I am going crazy”

-individuals interpretation of their trauma memories

A
  • sense of threat
  • lack of control
  • seek safety
  • maintain PTSD
75
Q

Treatment of PTSD; cognitive and behavioral response

A
  • unlearning cognitive/behavioral responses
  • avoidance
  • same treatment as for phobias
76
Q

Soldiers and drugs

A
  • Ritalin&adderall increase in prescriptions
  • cause direct NE release–>facilitate memory formation
  • emotional memories also elicit NE response
  • drugs burn in memory and promotes fear conditioning
  • consequence: higher risk of PTSD
77
Q

Possible drug treatment for PTSD

A
  • beta blockers for NE

- can stop fear conditioning

78
Q

Controversy of blocking intensity of trauma memories-experiment

A
  • ER trauma patients
  • 1 group beta blocker, 1group placebo
  • tape record trauma
  • play back to them 8 mo later
  • placebo: more likely to show ANS signs
  • maybe give morphine bc it doesn’t affect mind?
79
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • dec in memory
  • can’t recall facts
  • loss in temporal and parietal lobes (store explicit memories)
  • retain implicit memories
80
Q

How to detect Alzheimer’s disease before it comes

A
  • buildup of amyloid beta causes problems

- solutions: dec amyloid beta or block production all together

81
Q

Clive video

A
  • damage to temporal lobe (hippocampus) & frontal lobe (emotional behavior)
  • sees things in front of him,lives moment to moment
  • nothing sticks
  • needs cued situations to remember things
  • remembered wife but not daughter
82
Q

7 sins of memory

A
  1. Transience
  2. Absentmindedness
  3. Blocking
  4. Memory misattribution
  5. Suggestibility
  6. Bias
  7. Persistence
83
Q

Transience

A
  • forgetting what happens over time

- ie Lewis Libby and perjery

84
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Later learning impairs memory for info from earlier

  • ie cant remember what you did on Monday when it’s Friday
  • transience
85
Q

Proactive interference

A

Earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later

-doing something every day; any change can make you not remember something

86
Q

Absentmindedness

A

Lack of attention = memory failure

-less activity in lower frontal lobe; can’t play normal role in memory making (elaborative encoding)

87
Q

Prospective memory

A
  • remembering to do things in the future

- failures in this=major source of absentmindedness

88
Q

Memory misattribution

A
  • assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source
  • cause of eyewitness misidentifications
  • common with people who have frontal lobe damage
89
Q

Source memory

A

When where how the memory was acquired

-important for memory misattribution

90
Q

False recognition

A

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before
-memory misattribution

91
Q

Suggestibility

A
  • when an external source uses misleading information

- loftus research - can convince people that things happened to them

92
Q

Bias

A

-distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

93
Q

Consistency bias

A

-reconstruct past to fit present

94
Q

Change bias

A
  • exaggerate difference Between what we feel now and what we felt in the past
  • ie couples said they love each other more each year but actual ratings don’t show this
95
Q

Persistence

A
  • intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
  • occurs after traumatic events
96
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

-detailed recolctions for

Psychology 2 (4 decks)

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