1
Q
4 models of memory
A
- Info processing
- Parallel distribution
- Levels of processing
- 3 stage model
2
Q
Memory
A
Ability to store and retrieve information over time
-constructed, not recorded
3
Q
Info processing
A
- memory is a process
- brain is like a computer
- 3 basic functions: encoding, storage, retrieval
- memory is malleable
4
Q
Encoding
A
Transforming what we perceive, think, feel into memory (short term)
5
Q
Storage
A
Maintaining info in memory over time (long term)
6
Q
Retrieval
A
Bringing to mind info that has been encoded and stored
7
Q
Elaborative encoding
A
actively relating new information to knowledge already in memory
-left frontal lobe; inner part of temporal lobe
8
Q
3 types of encoding
A
- Elaborative
- Visual imagery
- Organizational
9
Q
Parallel distribution
A
- memory distributed across brain thru network of interconnected neurons
- activated: network works in parallel manner (simultaneously) to process info
10
Q
Levels of processing
A
- remember something better if you process in a deeper manner
- shallow processing-little memory
11
Q
3 stage model (storage)
A
- Sensory memory: short amount of time
- Short term memory: 30 s or less
- Long term memory: relatively permanent
12
Q
Visual imagery encoding
A
Storing info by converting it into mental pictures
- kind of like elaborative encoding
- use occipital lobe and temporal lobe
13
Q
Organizational encoding
A
Categorizing info according to relationships
-frontal lobe
14
Q
Iconic memory
A
- Fast-decaying store of visual information
- less than 1 sec
15
Q
Echoic memory
A
Fast-decaying store of auditory information
-lasts several sec
16
Q
Sensory storage
A
- brief copy of stimuli that registers during sensory processing (transduction)
- Holds info for a few sec or less
- iconic and Echoic
17
Q
Short term memory
A
Holds non-sensory information for more than a few sec but less than a minute
- working memory
- visual spacial sketch pad
- phonological research loop - language based
- central executive
18
Q
Rehearsal
A
- mentally repeating information to keep it in short term memory
- can hold 7 meaningful items at once
19
Q
Chunking
A
Combining small pieces of info Into larger clusters or chunks
- increase stm
- facilitates consolidation in ltm
20
Q
Working memory
A
- active maintenance of information in short term storage
- short term isn’t just a place to hold info, we can process that info
- STM requires attn and has limited capacity
21
Q
Primary and recency effect
A
You remember the first and last things best
22
Q
Long term memory
A
- no known capacity or limits
- store information for days, weeks, years
23
Q
HM
A
- 27 yr old man that suffered epilepsy
- Docs removed parts of temporal lobe, incl hippocampus
- stm was fine, no ltm
- anterograde amnesia
24
Q
Anterograde amnesia
A
Inability to transfer new info from STM to LTM
25
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to retrieve info that was acquired before a particular date
-usually after injury or operation
26
Memory consolidation
Memories become stable in the brain
- transfer of info from hippocampus to permanent storage sites
- boost from sleeping
27
reconsolidation
Memories become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be Reconsolidated again
28
Flow of information through the memory system
Sensory input-->sensory memory (unattended info is lost)--attention-->STM (maintenance rehearsal)--retrieval-->LTM (some info lost over time)
29
Where are memories stored?
- In spaces between neurons
| - act of sending strengthens the connections between synapses
30
Long term potentiation
Communication across a synapse neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
-ie. glutamate and excitation
31
NMDA receptors
- influences the flow of info between neurons by controlling the initiation of LTM in most hippocampal pathways
- increase connections, inc intelligence
32
Types of long term memory
LTM-->explicit and implicit
Explicit-->semantic and episodic
Implicit-->procedural and priming
33
Explicit memory
Things you can tell other people about
- encoding: elaborative rehearsal, chunking
- need to to beyond rote rehearsal for deeper processing
- semantic network-elaborative rehearsal
39
Semantic memory
General knowledge; language based
39
Episodic memory
Personal experienced events
39
State dependent retrieval
- inner state
| - tendency for info to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
40
Procedural memory
Motor and cognitive skills
| -ie. riding bike, tying shoe
40
Transfer appropriate processing
- memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of situations match
- retrieval cue must match encoding context
41
Retrieval-induced forgetting
Retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items
- occurs during conversations
- effects eye-witness memory
42
Difference between trying to retrieve and successfully retrieving information
- trying: frontal lobe activated
| - successfully: hippocampus activated
43
Retrieval cue
External info associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
43
Measuring explicit memories
Recall vs recognition
44
Encoding specificity principle
A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
44
Recall
Intentionally bringing explicit memories to awareness
45
Recognition
Encoding input and matching it to stored representation
46
Organization of explicit ltm
- semantic network of related concepts
| - activation of 1 concept leads to priming of semantically related concepts, making it easier to retrieve memories
47
Oliver sacks
- worked with patients that had memory loss
| - noticed people could unknowingly have connections to past but might not remember it
48
Memory demands for testing and studying
- consolidate knowledge, don't memorize
- chunking hierarchies -elaborate rehearsal
- sleep=more hippocampal activity
- hippocampus is less involved in recall (frontal lobe is more)
49
Role of hippocampus in ltm
- critical index for ltm
- consolidation: memory becomes stable in the brain
- re-consolidation: memories can become vulnerable to disruption when recalled; require Reconsolidation
50
Biological basis of memory
- repeated stimulation of synapse can strengthen synapse
| - dendrites grow more spines
51
Implicit memory
- past experiences influence later behavior and performance even when people aren't trying to remember them
- ie. HM Remembering to be polite; improved performance even when he doesn't remember performing the task before
52
Procedural memory
- gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or knowing how to do things
- things you remember are automatically translated into actions
53
Priming
An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus
- implicit memory
- ie. full in the blank exercise
- does not use hippocampus; uses cortex
54
Perceptual priming vs conceptual priming
- perceptual: implicit memory for sensory features; right hemisphere
- conceptual: implicit priming for words/using objects; left hemisphere
55
Role of the hippocampus
- involved in episodic memory
| - not necessary for semantic memory
56
Alcohol myopia
Cognitive nearsightedness
- relatively low BAC=.06
- alcohol decreases reasoning and concentration
- can't process all cues
57
"reconstructive"nature of ltm
- elizabeth loftus
- when we try to recall stuff, we remember fragments and fill in the gaps with logic and other knowledge
- gaps filled by stereotypes, schemes and scripts
58
Confabulation
- honest lying
| - remember fragments of events and make a fable to connect them
59
Enhancing memory video
- memories stick bc they arouse emotions
- ice: stress hormone response which helps "set" memory
- role of amygdala: needed for learning
- men and women store info in diff parts of brain
60
Role of amygdala from enhancing memory movie
- learning
| - without it, we would remember everything equally
61
Men and women store info differently
- men: right amygdala activated; remember gist
| - women: left amygdala activated; remember details
62
Accident with quadriplegic vs paraplegic
- quad: less likely to have PTSD than paraplegic bc link between brain and adrenal glad is broken (no dress hormone response)
- less psychological response
63
How does emotion boost memory; hormone and brain parts responsible
- store emotional memory better
- need NE
- hippocampus: encoding; influenced by amygdala
64
Flashbulb memories
- vivid memory of dramatic event
- ie. where you were on 9/11
- may be influenced by fight or flight; not always accurate
65
Real world implications of memory research
1. False memories
2. Repressed memories
3. Eye witness testimony
66
False memories
- facts from fiction
- not deliberate deceit
- add details
- witness crime, read about it and gain memory
67
Repressed memory
- bad therapy practices
| - ie say it sounds like you're sexually abused; implanting idea
68
Eye witness testimony
- confident of opinion even if wrong
- not always reliable, even when not lying
- ie people identity innocent people in mugshots
69
Loftus false memory research
- asked sibling to tell younger sib about time lost in mall
- younger sib has genuine memory
- adds details
- harder to do if it was more extreme
70
Repressed memories; Williams research
- can be implanted
- Williams interviewed women bright to ER for sexual abuse
- 17 yrs later, many didn't remember event or even being abused
- need retrieval cues
71
PTSD
- memory and anxiety disorder
- flashbacks and re-experiencing traumatic memory
- 3 factors
72
3 factors that maintains re-experiencing
1. Memory process responsible for easy triggering
2. Individual interpretation
3. Cognitive and behavioral responses to trauma
73
Trauma involves; memory process=easy triggering
- strong perceptual priming
- strong associative learning
- poor memory elaboration
74
Trauma and "I am going crazy"
| -individuals interpretation of their trauma memories
- sense of threat
- lack of control
- seek safety
- maintain PTSD
75
Treatment of PTSD; cognitive and behavioral response
- unlearning cognitive/behavioral responses
- avoidance
- same treatment as for phobias
76
Soldiers and drugs
- Ritalin&adderall increase in prescriptions
- cause direct NE release-->facilitate memory formation
- emotional memories also elicit NE response
- drugs burn in memory and promotes fear conditioning
- consequence: higher risk of PTSD
77
Possible drug treatment for PTSD
- beta blockers for NE
| - can stop fear conditioning
78
Controversy of blocking intensity of trauma memories-experiment
- ER trauma patients
- 1 group beta blocker, 1group placebo
- tape record trauma
- play back to them 8 mo later
- placebo: more likely to show ANS signs
- maybe give morphine bc it doesn't affect mind?
79
Alzheimer's disease
- dec in memory
- can't recall facts
- loss in temporal and parietal lobes (store explicit memories)
- retain implicit memories
80
How to detect Alzheimer's disease before it comes
- buildup of amyloid beta causes problems
| - solutions: dec amyloid beta or block production all together
81
Clive video
- damage to temporal lobe (hippocampus) & frontal lobe (emotional behavior)
- sees things in front of him,lives moment to moment
- nothing sticks
- needs cued situations to remember things
- remembered wife but not daughter
82
7 sins of memory
1. Transience
2. Absentmindedness
3. Blocking
4. Memory misattribution
5. Suggestibility
6. Bias
7. Persistence
83
Transience
- forgetting what happens over time
| - ie Lewis Libby and perjery
84
Retroactive interference
Later learning impairs memory for info from earlier
- ie cant remember what you did on Monday when it's Friday
- transience
85
Proactive interference
Earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later
| -doing something every day; any change can make you not remember something
86
Absentmindedness
Lack of attention = memory failure
| -less activity in lower frontal lobe; can't play normal role in memory making (elaborative encoding)
87
Prospective memory
- remembering to do things in the future
| - failures in this=major source of absentmindedness
88
Memory misattribution
- assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source
- cause of eyewitness misidentifications
- common with people who have frontal lobe damage
89
Source memory
When where how the memory was acquired
| -important for memory misattribution
90
False recognition
Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before
-memory misattribution
91
Suggestibility
- when an external source uses misleading information
| - loftus research - can convince people that things happened to them
92
Bias
-distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
93
Consistency bias
-reconstruct past to fit present
94
Change bias
- exaggerate difference Between what we feel now and what we felt in the past
- ie couples said they love each other more each year but actual ratings don't show this
95
Persistence
- intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
- occurs after traumatic events
96
Flashbulb memories
-detailed recolctions for
Psychology 2
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