Learning Flashcards

Question

What is delayed conditioning?

Answer 1

CS precedes and overlaps with US — the most effective conditioning method.

Answer 2

CS starts and ends before the US — less effective than delayed conditioning.

Answer 3

CS and US start and end at the same time — usually ineffective.

Answer 4

CS follows the US — generally ineffective or inhibitory.

Answer 5

The body produces an opposite response to the expected drug effect, contributing to tolerance.

Answer 6

Without the usual CS cues, the body doesn’t prepare, increasing overdose risk.

Answer 7

A strong aversion to a food or drink associated with illness, even with long delays between CS and US.

Answer 8

Edward Thorndike was an American psychologist (1874–1935) who studied animal learning using puzzle boxes and formulated the Law of Effect.

Answer 9

Responses followed by satisfying consequences become more likely; responses followed by discomfort become less likely.

Answer 10

Learning was gradual, not sudden insight; behaviour was shaped by consequences, not understanding.

Answer 11

Punishment weakens the connection between behaviour and situation, making the behaviour less likely to occur.

Answer 12

Instrumental Conditioning focuses on how consequences affect the likelihood of a response, whereas Classical Conditioning involves associations between stimuli.

Answer 13

An American behaviourist (1904–1990) who developed Operant Conditioning and emphasized objective measurement in psychology.

Answer 14

To control the environment for infants, allowing more time for social interaction. It was controversial and sometimes misinterpreted.

Answer 15

An operant is a response defined by its effect on the environment.

Answer 16

Behaviours followed by reinforcement increase; behaviours followed by punishment decrease.

Answer 17

Gradually reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour.

Answer 18

Adding a stimulus after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour.

Answer 19

Removing an aversive stimulus after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour.

Answer 20

Adding an aversive stimulus after a behaviour to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour.

Answer 21

Removing a desirable stimulus after a behaviour to decrease the likelihood of that behaviour.

Answer 22

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer (e.g., money).

Answer 23

Every instance of a response is reinforced. Useful for learning new behaviours.

Answer 24

Only some responses are reinforced. More resistant to extinction.

Answer 25

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses (e.g., FR10 = every 10th response).

Answer 26

Reinforcement occurs after a variable number of responses, averaged over time (e.g., VR10 = average of 10 responses).

Answer 27

The first response after a fixed time interval is reinforced.

Answer 28

The first response after a variable time interval is reinforced.

Answer 29

The removal of reinforcement leads to a decrease in behaviour strength.

Answer 30

Behaviours reinforced intermittently are more resistant to extinction than those reinforced continuously.

Answer 31

A temporary increase in the frequency or intensity of behaviour when reinforcement is first removed.

Answer 32

High-probability behaviours can reinforce low-probability behaviours.

Answer 33

Deprivation increases the value of certain behaviours or reinforcers, making them more effective.

Answer 34

When behaviour is more likely to occur in the presence of specific antecedent stimuli.

Answer 35

Behaviour occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the original discriminative stimulus.

Answer 36

Behaviour occurs only in response to a specific stimulus, not similar ones.

Answer 37

Reinforcement sharpens stimulus control; discrimination training leads to narrower generalisation.

Answer 38

Punishment effects can generalise to similar stimuli, reducing responses to them as well.

Answer 39

Yes, pigeons can learn categories such as "fish" vs "no fish", showing basic concept learning.

Answer 40

Instinctive drift can interfere with learned behaviours, showing biological constraints on learning.

Answer 41

When the rate of behaviour changes in response to changes in the reinforcement conditions of another behaviour.

Answer 42

Reinforcing a specific response while withholding reinforcement for other responses.

Answer 43

It can be used to shape behaviour through reinforcement schedules and positive feedback.

Answer 44

A behaviour modification system where tokens are earned for desirable behaviours and exchanged for rewards.

Answer 45

By reinforcing desired behaviours with treats or praise using shaping and schedules of reinforcement.

Answer 46

Reinforcement increases behaviour frequency; a reward may not necessarily change behaviour.

Answer 47

Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement in strengthening behaviour.

Answer 48

The relationship between behaviour and its consequence; strong contingency increases learning effectiveness.

Answer 49

Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by observing the behaviour of others (models).

Answer 50

It allows quicker acquisition of adaptive behaviours compared to trial-and-error learning and is generally safer or more efficient.

Answer 51

Only birds that observed both the piercing and eating (Observational Learning group) showed significantly faster learning, showing true observational learning.

Answer 52

Blind imitation involves copying without seeing the outcome; local enhancement involves attention being drawn to a location or object due to another’s actions.

Answer 53

Monkeys learned fear of snakes through observation, but did not learn fear of flowers, showing biological constraints on what can be learned.

Answer 54

Attention, Retention, Production, and Motivation.

Answer 55

Children imitated aggressive behaviour towards a Bobo doll after observing adults do so, showing observational learning of aggression.

Answer 56

People are more likely to imitate models who are similar to themselves in attributes or experiences.

Answer 57

To teach children self-protection skills against abduction using observational learning techniques via video modeling and rehearsal.

Answer 58

One month later, most children who were trained still performed protective behaviours correctly in a different setting.

Answer 59

The challenge of defining cognitive processes in animals without anthropomorphising or making inaccurate assumptions based on human behaviours.

Answer 60

It refers to animals appearing to demonstrate cognitive abilities by unintentionally picking up on human cues, not genuine understanding—highlighting the need for careful controls.

Answer 61

Animal communication lacks complex structure, extended vocabulary, and syntactic rules that characterize human language.

Answer 62

Use of arbitrary symbols, reference to non-present objects, and syntactic rules for generating new meanings.

Answer 63

Apes, like chimpanzees, lack the anatomical adaptations necessary for producing human speech sounds.

Answer 64

Washoe was taught American Sign Language, learned over 160 signs, and could combine signs meaningfully—though showed little syntax.

Answer 65

Nim's sign use was limited in length and meaning, lacked syntax, and was often cued by human trainers—suggesting limited language-like behaviour.

Answer 66

Yerkish is a symbolic language developed by Duane Raumbaugh for apes like Lana, Austin, and Sherman to study language using lexigrams.

Answer 67

Kanzi learned lexigram use incidentally during his mother's training, showing spontaneous interest and naturalistic language learning.

Answer 68

Kanzi understands around 500 spoken words and uses about 200 lexigrams, showing some grasp of syntax—comparable to a 2–2.5-year-old human child.

Learning Flashcards

(92 cards)