Learning 3

Question 1

Pavlovian or Classical conditioning (3)

Answer 1

1. Stimuli force responses
2. Responses mean learning has occurred
3. Response does NOT change whether conditional stimulus occurs

Question 2

Operant or Instrumental conditioning (3)

Answer 2

1. Stimuli do NOT force responses
2. Change in responses mean learning has occured
3. Response does change whether consequences occurs

Question 3

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 3

The study of how people think

Question 4

Who were the Two important researchers of Cognitive psychology?

Answer 4

1. Edward Tolman (important work with mazes in the 1940s)
2. Albert Bandura (1950-2015; observational learning)

Question 5

Tolmans Cognitive Maps

Answer 5

• A cognitive map is an internal map of the environment
  ex: we wont walk through a snow bank, we find another way

Question 6

What is latent defined as?

Answer 6

atent means there under the surface but you cant see it

Question 7

Latent learning

Answer 7

behaviour that is learned but not demonstrated until it is reinforced

Question 8

What animal did Tolman use for his experiments?

Answer 8

Rats

Question 9

How did Tolmans research work with the rats?

Question 10

What were the main results of Tolmans Research?

Answer 10

Humans can learn without having to show any change in behaviour. Reinforcement is important!

Question 11

Social Learning (Observational learning) – Who and what

Answer 11

Albert Bandura – first demonstrated
- It is an imitation of a model (or demonstrator)
- The behaviour does not need to happen right away, can happen later
- There does not need to be a verbal instruction (ex: “copy what I do)

Question 12

What was the experiment that he did? (1960s)

Question 13

What were the results of Banduras experiment? (2)

Answer 13

1. Children who saw violent behaviour copied movements of the adults
2. Positive aspects – ex: can be used to teach daily living skills to people with disabilities

Question 14

What are the four phases of banduras observational learning?

Answer 14

1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Production
4. Motivation

Question 15

Attention (Banduras)

Answer 15

Learner watches demonstrator

Question 16

Retention

Answer 16

Demonstrator models response and learner thinks about response

Question 17

Production

Answer 17

Learner demonstrates response without demonstrator modeling it

Question 18

Motivation

Answer 18

Learner’s imitated behaviour produces reward

Question 19

Biological Constraints on Learning. Who? What?

Answer 19

Seligman (1971)
- Biological preparedness (cue-consequence learning) –> some stimuli are more likely than others to become signals

Question 20

What are the 4 implications of Seligman’s of biological preparedness for phobias?

Answer 20

1. Phobias can be learned in a single trial
2. Phobias can persist - even if we know is harmless
3. Phobias are often things that could harm our ancestors?
4. They do not extinguish quickly or easily

Question 21

What does fear go with?

Answer 21

dangerous, not safe, stimuli

Question 22

Learned helplessness