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PSYCH1101 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

A relatively permanent change in behaviour

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2
Q

Are learning and memory closely related?

A

YES

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3
Q

What does learning need to be?

A

INFERRED from behaviour

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4
Q

What is a behaviour?

A

An observable action

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5
Q

What are some examples of learning?

A

Learning a sport, driving, operating your smartphone

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6
Q

What is an Innate behaviour?

A

Behaviours that we already know how to do

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7
Q

What are some examples of innate behaviours?

A

a baby crying when hungry, some reflexes

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8
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An AUTOMATIC “stimulus-respons” behaviour (mostly to suppoer survival)

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9
Q

Whats an example of a reflex?

A

What happens when you touch something very hot

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10
Q

What are the three types of learning learnt in this psychology?

A
  1. Pavlovian conditioning (aka classical)
  2. Operant conditioning (aka instrumental)
  3. Social (aka vicarious)
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11
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A

Classical conditioning

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12
Q

Operant conditioning

A
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13
Q

Social

A
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14
Q

Latent learning

A

HIDDEN, anything you have learned that you can produce later on without really remembering

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15
Q

Biological constraints on learning and example

A

biology limits learning
eg. animals cannot learn to speak

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16
Q

Who was the russian physiologist who created classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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17
Q

What was his work later used for as a base? for who?

A

John Watson and BF skinner

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18
Q

What did Pavlov study?

A

Animal behaviour - specifically dogs

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19
Q

What happened when Pavlov put on his lab coat?

A

Dogs started drooling

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20
Q

Conditioning =

A

= Learning

21
Q

Stimulus is anything in the environment as long as it…

A

is detectable
is measurable
causes a response

22
Q

what does unconditional stimulus cause?

A

unconditional response - reflex

23
Q

Before conditioning, what was the lab coat considered as?

A

Neutral stimulus

24
Q

After conditioning what did the lab coat become?

A

The conditional stimulus

25
Q

What is the stimuli that changes after conditioning?

A

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditional stimulus

26
Q

What is Ordinal Methods?

A

The order of presentation of stimuli

27
Q

What are the abbreviations for
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
Neutral stimulus
Conditional stimulus
Conditional response

A

Unconditional stimulus = UCS
Unconditional response = UCR
Neutral stimulus = NS
Conditional stimulus = CS
Conditional response = CR

28
Q

What is an example of excitatory pavlovian conditioning?

A

Thunder and lightning

29
Q

What are the ways that excitatory pavlovian conditioning happen?

A
  1. Short delay
  2. Long delay
  3. Trace conditioning
  4. simultaneous conditioning
  5. Backward conditioning
30
Q

Short delay

A

very little time between CS and UCS
- MOST EFFECTIVE TYPE

31
Q

Long delay

A

Time between warning and tornado is quite long

32
Q

Trace conditioning

A

CS and UCS seem unrelated due to LONG DELAY

33
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

Lightning (CS) and thunder (UCS) occur together - Called “inhibitory” conditioning

34
Q

Backward conditioning

A

Thunder (UCS) happens before lighting (CS)

35
Q

Superstition

A

Pavlovian conditioning is the cause to this!

36
Q

Taste aversion learning

A

Eat a food and then become sick sometime later. Later on, even the sight of that food can make you feel sick

37
Q

Pavlovian Extinction (loss of association)

A

Eg. Pavlov ringing bell without food for a few days
- The strength of the response would decrease

38
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

If after the Extinction phase there is a pause, you can see that the conditioned behaviour did not completely disappear

39
Q

Conditioned Fear

A

Pavlovian conditioning can develop fear

40
Q

What are two examples of Conditioned fear in our society today?

A

Horror films, video games

41
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Conditioning of certain traumatic events - loud, big events

42
Q

Symptoms of PTSD

A

Intense fear, nightmares, panic attacks, anxiety disorder, pain

43
Q

What is a problem with PTSD? (2 things)

A
  1. Extinction isn’t enough - fear is biologically relevant
  2. creating a safety signal or new conditioning of noise doesn’t work in this population
44
Q

Who were the people that studied whether people could learn to NOT be afraid during conditioning of these stimuli?

A

Jovanovic and colleagues in 2010

45
Q

Did the Safety signal experiment in 2010 work?

A

No, it was a failed experiment

46
Q

What was the Safety Signal experiment?

A

Showing the two different coloured boxes, one with a negative stimulus and one with a positive/safe stimulus

47
Q

Evaluative Conditioning

A
48
Q

What is an example of evaluative conditioning?

A
  • homeowners will sometimes bake fresh cookies for an open house hoping that visitors will be more likely to buy the house
49
Q
A

PSYCH1101 (10 decks)

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