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Psychology GRE > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Who suggested the Law of Effect?

A

E.L. Thorndike

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2
Q

Who developed the theory of association?

A

Kurt Lewin

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3
Q

Who uncovered the concept of classical conditioning while doing research on digestion?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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4
Q

Who is considered the father of behaviorism?

A

John B. Watson

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5
Q

Who was the first person to conduct experiments to prove the law of effect?

A

B.F. Skinner

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6
Q

E.L. Thorndike

A

suggested the law of effect

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7
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

developed the theory of association

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8
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

uncovered the concept of classical conditioning

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9
Q

John B. Watson

A

considered to be the father of behaviorism

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10
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

the first person to conduct experiments to prove the law of effect

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11
Q

The _________ postulated a cause-and-effect chain of behavior revolving around reinforcement. Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn’t bring some reward

A

law of effect

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12
Q

law of effect

A

a cause-and-effect chain of behavior exists that revolves around reinforcement. People do what brings reward and stop doing what doesn’t bring some sort of reward

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13
Q

theory of association

A

a forerunner of behaviorism, the ____________ postulates that organisms associate certain behaviors with certain rewards and certain cues with certain situations

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14
Q

a forerunner of behaviorism, the ____________ postulates that organisms associate certain behaviors with certain rewards and certain cues with certain situations

A

theory of association

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15
Q

classical conditioning

A

an organism is taught to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing the neutral stimulus with a not-so-neutral stimulus

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16
Q

an organism is taught to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing the neutral stimulus with a not-so-neutral stimulus

A

classical conditioning

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17
Q

behaviorism

A

everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains. Only objective and observable elements are of importance to organisms and to psychology

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18
Q

school of psychology in which it is believed that everything can be explained by stimulus-response chains. Only objective and observable elements are of importance to organisms and to psychology

A

behaviorism

19
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not produce a specific response on its own. (The light in Pavlov’s dog experiment)

20
Q

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not produce a specific response on its own. (The light in Pavlov’s dog experiment)

A

neutral stimulus (NS)

21
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

in classical conditioning, the not-so-neutral stimulus, i.e, the stimulus to be paired with the neutral stimulus (the food in Pavlov’s experiment)

22
Q

in classical conditioning, the not-so-neutral stimulus, i.e, the stimulus to be paired with the neutral stimulus (the food in Pavlov’s experiment)

A

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

23
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

the neutral stimulus once it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus. It has no naturally occurring response but has developed one by being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. (the light after being paired with the food in Pavlov’s experiment)

24
Q

the neutral stimulus once it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus. It has no naturally occurring response but has developed one by being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. (the light after being paired with the food in Pavlov’s experiment)

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

25
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

the naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (the dogs’ salivation to the food in Pavlov’s experiment)

26
Q

the naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (the dogs’ salivation to the food in Pavlov’s experiment)

A

unconditioned response (UR)

27
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits after conditioning (the dogs’ salivation to the lights)

28
Q

the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits after conditioning (the dogs’ salivation to the lights)

A

conditioned response (CR)

29
Q

simultaneous conditioning

A

the UCS and CS are presented at the same time

30
Q

the UCS and CS are presented at the same time

A

simultaneous conditioning

31
Q

higher-order/second-order conditioning

A

a conditioning technique in which a previous CS now acts as a UCS. Using Pavlov’s dogs as an example, for _____________ the experimenter would use the light as a UCS after the light reliably elicited saliva from in the dogs. Food would no longer be used in the experiment, but now the light would be hte UCS.

32
Q

a conditioning technique in which a previous CS now acts as a UCS. Using Pavlov’s dogs as an example, for _____________ the experimenter would use the light as a UCS after the light reliably elicited saliva from in the dogs. Food would no longer be used in the experiment, but now the light would be hte UCS.

A

higher-order/second-order conditioning

33
Q

forward conditioning

A

Pairing of the CS and UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS

34
Q

Pairing of the CS and UCS in which the CS is presented before the UCS

A

forward conditioning

35
Q

delayed conditioning

A

type of forward conditioning in which the presentation of the CS begins before that of the UCS and lasts until the UCS is presented

36
Q

type of forward conditioning in which the presentation of the CS begins before that of the UCS and lasts until the UCS is presented

A

delayed conditioning

37
Q

trace conditioning

A

the CS is presented and terminated before the UCS is presented

38
Q

the CS is presented and terminated before the UCS is presented

A

trace conditioning

39
Q

backward conditioning

A

The CS is presented after the UCS is presented. For Pavlov’s dogs, they would have been presented with food and then with the light. _______________ conditioning has proven to be ineffective. It has actually been shown to cause inhibitory conditioning

40
Q

The CS is presented after the UCS is presented. For Pavlov’s dogs, they would have been presented with food and then with the light. _______________ conditioning has proven to be ineffective. It has actually been shown to cause inhibitory conditioning

A

backward conditioning

41
Q

inhibitory conditioning

A

subject has a harder time pairing the NS with the UCS even if presented in a forward fashion. A result of backward conditioning

42
Q

subject has a harder time pairing the NS with the UCS even if presented in a forward fashion. A result of backward conditioning

A

inhibitory conditioning

43
Q

operant conditioning

A

conditioning as a result of wanting to earn rewards and avoid punishment

44
Q

conditioning as a result of wanting to earn rewards and avoid punishment

A

operant conditioning

Psychology GRE (2 decks)

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