learning

Question 1

what is classical conditioning ?

Answer 1

learning by association

Question 2

what is a classical conditioning schedule ?

Answer 2

it’s the steps in the procedure to condition a new response

Question 3

what is an unconditioned stimulus ?

Answer 3

the stimulus that produces a reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

give an example of an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

the food for pavlov’s dog

Question 5

what is an unconditioned response ?

Answer 5

the reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

give an example of an unconditioned response

Answer 6

pavlov’s dog salivation

Question 7

what is a conditioned stimulus ?

Answer 7

a new stimulus present with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

give an example of a conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

the bell in pavlov’s experiment

Question 9

what is a conditioned response ?

Answer 9

the response that is learnt ; it now occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 10

give an example of a conditioned response

Answer 10

pavlov’s dog salivation

Question 11

what is extinction ?

Answer 11

when a conditioned response dies out

Question 12

what is spontaneous recovery ?

Answer 12

a conditioned response that has disappeared suddenly appears again

Question 13

what is generalisation ?

Answer 13

the conditioned response is produced when a similar stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 14

what is discrimination ?

Answer 14

it’s when the conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented

Question 15

what is operant conditioning ?

Answer 15

it’s learning due to the consequences of behaviour , through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement

Question 16

what is the law of effect ?

Answer 16

behaviours that are followed by rewards are usually repeated ; those that are punished are not usually repeated

Question 17

what is punishment ?

Answer 17

a stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it

Question 18

what is reinforcement ?

Answer 18

a consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens a behaviour. this might be seen as a reward

Question 19

what is positive reinforcement ?

Answer 19

a reward or pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour of action will be repeated

Question 20

what is negative reinforcement ?

Answer 20

when an unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action has been made. this increases the likelihood of that behaviour or action being repeated

Question 21

what is behaviour shaping ?

Answer 21

changing behaviour in small steps

Question 22

what is a phobia ?

Answer 22

a persistent and irrational fear of an object , activity or situation. the typical symptoms are intense feelings of fear an anxiety to avoid the object , activity or situation

Question 23

what is flooding ?

Answer 23

a treatment for phobias that involves the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object , activity or event , until there is no fear response.

Question 24

what is systematic desensitisation ?

Answer 24

a treatment for phobias in which the person is taught to relax and then is gradually exposed to the feared object

Question 25

what is the hierarchy of fears ?

Answer 25

a series of feared events ranked from least frightening to most frightening

Question 26

what is aversion therapy ?

Answer 26

a treatment for addiction , such as drug and alcohol dependency , which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance

Question 27

what is primary reinforcer ?

Answer 27

a reward , such as food or water , that the animal or person needs in order to survive

Question 28

what is secondary reinforcer ?

Answer 28

a reward , such as money or a token , that the animal or person can exchange for a primary reinforcer

Question 29

what is learning ?

Answer 29

a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience