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Psychology 3/4 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of learning?

A

a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. A change must be immediate or delayed, actual or potential. Learning may be intentional or unintentional.

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2
Q

what is the definition of classical conditioning?

A

simple form of leaning, that is based on the repeated association of two different stimuli.

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3
Q

what as the phase before classical conditioning?

A

UCS——> UCR (in response to UCS)

CS ——-> no response

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4
Q

what is the phase during conditioning?

A

CS + UCS ——> UCR (in response to UCS)

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5
Q

what is the phase after conditioning?

A

CS ———> CR (in response to the CS)

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6
Q

what is a stimulus?

A

any event that produces a response from an organism.

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7
Q

what is a response?

A

a reaction by the organism to the stimulus.

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8
Q

what are the elements of classical conditioning?

A

UCS, UCR, CS, CR, NS

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9
Q

what is the unconditioned stimulus?

A

Any stimulus that produces an automatic reflex (UCR).

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10
Q

what us the unconditioned response?

A

The response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented

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11
Q

what is the neutral stimulus?

A

It is neutral but through repeated association with the unconditioned stimulus it produces the same effect as the CS.

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12
Q

what is the conditioned response?

A

The new learned response which is produced by the conditioned stimulus (CS).

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13
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus?

A

The stimulus that originally does not produce any response but when paired with UCS it becomes the CS. and produces the CR

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14
Q

what are the processes in classical conditioning?

A

extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation, stimulus discrimination

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15
Q

what is extinction (CC)?

A

Gradual decrease in strength or rate of CR when UCS is no longer present.
Occurs because CS and CR are not always permanent.
Has occurred when CR no longer occurs after CS.
More complex behaviour take longer to extinguish.

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16
Q

what is spontaneous recovery? (CC)

A

Extinction is not always permanent.
Reappearance of CR when CS is presented following a rest (no CS) and the extinction of CR.
Doesn’t always occur.
Usually shorted lived and weaker than original.

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17
Q

what is stimulus generalisation? (CC)

A

Tendency for another stimulus (similar to CS) to produce response similar to CR.
CR may not be the same.
Greater similarity in CS, greater the similarity in responses.

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18
Q

what is stimulus discrimination? (CC)

A

Tendency for only one stimulus (CS) to produce a CR.

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19
Q

what is a conditioned reflex? how complex is it? What does it involve? is it inborn? what is an example?

A

simple.
A conditioned reflex is an automatic response that occurs as a result of a previous experience, or a learned reflex response.
involves little conscious thought (eg. Dim at theatres, stop talking).
Not inborn but learned.
It often involves anticipatory behaviour.
Looking at someone hen they call your name.

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20
Q

what is a conditioned emotional response? how complex is it? what is an example?

A

An emotional reaction that occurs when the autonomic nervous system produces a response to a stimulus that did not previously trigger that response (often a fear response).
eg. Albert B. Experiment

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21
Q

what did the Albert B experiment investigate? and what did they find?

A

Investigated the acquisition of fears.

Found that they can be acquired through classical conditioning

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22
Q

who was the participant of the Albert B experiment? why was he chosen?

A

11 month old named Albert B.
mother worked in Watson’s clinic.
Chosen because he was unemotional.
Watson thought he could not harm Albert

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23
Q

what was the procedure of the Albert B experiment?

A

tested to make sure he was capable of a fear response (UCR).
Placed in a room with a white rat within reaching distance (CS).
Albert showed no fear and played with the rat.
While playing with the rat an experimenter made a loud noise behind him (UCS).
Albert was shocked and scared and started to tremble.
The noise was made when he went near the rat.
He became afraid of the rat and cried when it came near him.

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24
Q

what were the conclusions of the Albert B experiment?

A

fear can be conditioned.

Fears were generalised to similar objects: rabbits, a dog, white fur coat, cotton balls and a Santa Mask.

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25
Q

what were ethical issues with the Albert B experiment?

A

his fears may have disappeared overtime but he probably suffered psychological harm.
Mother gave consent but it was not informed.
No harm principle was breeched.
Mother left job and Albert came too, he was not debriefed.
No code for ethics back then.

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26
Q

what is the definition of operant conditioning? what usually happens?

A

Operant conditioning is the learning process by which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of the behaviour.
The organism will tend to repeat behaviours with desirable consequences and not repeat those with undesirable consequences.

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27
Q

what is an operant?

A

response or behaviour

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28
Q

what is the three-phase model of OC?

A

antecedent stimulus, behaviour and consequence

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29
Q

what is the antecedent stimulus?

A

The condition or environmental condition that influences behaviour (also know as discriminative stimuli or stimulus).

30
Q

what is the behaviour (B)?

A

The action, behaviour, response or operant that is displayed by the individual

31
Q

what is the consequence (C)?

A

The event that follows the behaviour.

32
Q

what are the elements of OC?

A

positive and negative reinforcement, punishment and response cost

33
Q

when does reinforcement occur?

A

Occurs when a stimulus strengths or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that follows.

34
Q

what is a reinforcer?

A

any stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that follows.

35
Q

what is positive reinforcer?

A

a stimulus that increases likelihood of a behaviour with a satisfying consequence

36
Q

what is a positive reinforcement?

A

involves giving or applying a positive reinforcement after the desired response has been made.

37
Q

what is a negative reinforcer?

A

any unpleasant stimulus that, when removed or avoided, strengthens or increases the likelihood of a desired response.

38
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

involves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. It increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated, thereby strengthening it.

39
Q

What is punishment?

A

The delivery of an unpleasant stimulus following a response that weakens the likelihood of the response happening again.
Giving something bad.

40
Q

what is response cost?

A

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again.
Taking away something good to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again.

41
Q

what are factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment?

A

timing, order, appropriateness

42
Q

how does timing influence effectiveness? (OC)

A

Must occur immediately after the response.
Helps organism associate the response with the consequence.
Learning will be slow if there is a delay.

43
Q

how does order influence effectiveness? (OC)

A

The consequence must come after the behaviour.

44
Q

how does appropriateness influence effectiveness? OC

A

A reinforcer may not work in one situation as it did another.
A reinforcer may be seen as a punishment and vice versa.

45
Q

what is extinction? OC

A

The gradual decrease in the conditioned response if the reinforcement is no longer given.

46
Q

what is spontaneous recovery? OC

A

Following extinction and rest an individual may show the response despite the reinforcement being absent. The response is likely to be weaker and not last as long.

47
Q

what is stimulus generalisation? OC

A

Occurs when the correct response is made to another similar stimulus to the stimulus that was initially reinforced.

48
Q

what is stimulus discrimination? OC

A

Occurs when the conditioned response only occurs in response to the initial stimulus not similar stimuli.

49
Q

what are similarities between CC and OC?

A

Both types of learning
both involve stimuli and responses
Both can involve involuntary responses

50
Q

what is the role of the learner in CC? OC?

A

-“Passive participant
No control over the learning porcesss”
- “Active participant
Control over the learning process”

51
Q

what is the timing of stimulus and response CC? OC?

A
  • CS should be presented shortly before or together with UCS
  • Stimulus and behaviour (response) occur at the same time. The stimulus needs to be present in order for the response to occur.
52
Q

what is the nature of the response? CC? OC?

A
  • Involuntary responses (reflexes)

- Voluntary or involuntary responses.

53
Q

what are ideas involved with the social learning theory? how does it link to observational learning?

A

Social behaviour is learned by observing and imitating others.
Social behaviour is also influenced by being rewarded or punished for the actions.
A form of social learning is obersvaetional learning.

54
Q

what is observational learning?

A

Occurs through watching another person’s behaviours and the consequences from these behaviours.
The observer demonstrates the behaviour by imitating it, it is referred to as as modelling.

55
Q

what are the processes involved in observational learning?

A

ARRMR

56
Q

what is attention?

A

The leaner is actively aware of the model’s behaviour and consequences.
Cognitive
Influenced by the characteristics of the learner eg. Perceptual and cognitive abilities and arousal level.

57
Q

what is retention (in memory)?

A

The learner stores a mental representation (memory) of what has been observed.
Cognitive

58
Q

what is reproduction (of behaviour)?

A

The learner is able to replicate what was observed.
The learner must have the physical and intellectual abilities to convert the mental representation stored in memory into actions.
Behavioural

59
Q

what is motivation?

A

The learner must want to preform the learned behaviour.
This depends on whether they believe there will be desirable consequences (reinforcement) for reproducing the behaviour.
Affective/cognitive

60
Q

what is reinforcement? OL

A

The learner is given a consequence when the behaviour has been preformed.
The expectation of reinforcement or punishment influences cognitive processes and affects how well they pay attention to and retain the model’s action in memory.

61
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Watching the model get praised increases the likelihood of the observer preforming the behaviour.

62
Q

what is vicarious punishment?

A

Watching the model get punished decreases the likelihood of the observer preforming the behaviour.

63
Q

the role of the model- what can models be?

A

Live: actual person

Symbolic (person on TV, video games etc.

64
Q

what is the likelihood of a learner paying attention, remembering and imitating behaviour influenced by? what are increasing factors?

A

model characteristics.
Increasing factors are: similarity of the model to observer, relevance, likability, credibility, attractiveness, and prestige of the model.

65
Q

what did Bandura’s experiment investigate?

A

investigate the effectiveness of observational learning in preschool children.

66
Q

participants of the bandora’s experiment?

A

preschool aged kids

67
Q

what was the procedure of the Bobo doll experiment?

A

Watched a model interacting with Bobo doll.
Some were aggressive and others passive.
Children were placed in a room with the Bobo doll and behaviour was recorded.
In some experiments the models were rewarded or punished and in others the children were rewarded.

68
Q

what were the processes involved in Bandora’s experiment?

A

Attention: the children actively watching the model interact with the Bobo doll.
Reproduction: the children remember the model’s behaviour and the consequences.
Reproduction: the children were put in a room with a one-way mirror and toys, including the Bobo doll.
Motivation: internal: wanting to behave like the model.
Reinforcement: getting juice and lollies for being aggressive.

69
Q

what are implications and applications of Bandora’s experiment?

A

Observational learning means that role models are powerful sources of influence on the behaviour of others, particularly children.
Might explain why physical punishment can lead to aggressive behaviour from the punished.
Children pay more attention to TV advertisements where relevant models are similar in age and or sex to them.
Children may learn aggressive behaviour through this portal, however, they also have the opportunity to learn positive pro-social behaviour through this avenue.

70
Q

OL vs OC- OC

A

Emphasises the organism’s direct experience when learning.
There is no distinction between learning and performance (learning occurs when a behaviour us shown).
Does not include the role of cognition in the learning process, not always necessary.

71
Q

OL V OC- OL

A

Learning can occur indirectly through vicarious learning.
There is a distincton between learning and performance (learning can occur but is not often demonstrated).
Included the role of cognation in the learning process.

72
Q

What are similarities and differences between OL and OC?

A

The learner is active.
It is reinforcement rather than the learning itself that influences the likelihood of the observed behaviour being imitated.
If the learner observes the model receiving positive consequences for the behaviour, the learning will be more likely to imitate the model’s behaviour.

Psychology 3/4 (7 decks)

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