Learning Flashcards
(39 cards)
Learning definition, function
a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience serves an adaptive and intelligent function
Types of learning
- classical conditioning 2. operant conditioning 3. cognitive learning
Learning =_______
conditioning
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
-he studied salivation and digestive processes in dogs -was not a psychologist instead physiologist -stumbled upon principles of classical conditioning (learned behavior is shaped through conditioning process)
Classical conditioning definition, allows us to, involves what processes (in general)
a learning response that involves a reflexive response to one stimulus becomes linked to another stimulus; a reflexive response to a stimulus is transferred to a related, NS -allows us to link items together and anticipate events -stimulus–> response (like behaviorism)
US
unconditioned stimulus a stimulus that produces a unlearned, automatic response (reflexive action)
UR
unconditioned response the unlearned, automatic response (reflexive action) to US
NS
neutral stimulus -a stimulus on its own that evokes no response prior to conditioning -any response to this stimulus must be learned
CS
conditioned stimulus - a NS that has become associated with a US that evokes a UR -CS is the NS that now can produce a similar UR (CR) without US -a stimulus we have learned to respond to
CR
conditioned response -a learned response to CS -similar response of UR - a response we have learned to make
Acquisition
the processes of linking a NS with a US until NS by itself can trigger the UR -The NS “acquires” properties of US
What happens after classical conditioning?
1) extinction -the disappearance or weakening of CR to CS by following removal of US 2) spontaneous recovery -reappearance of CR (learned response) after extinction has occurred bc learning is RELATIVELY permanent
Little Albert conditioning NS US UR CS CR
NS=white rat US= loud noise UR= fear CS=white rat CR=fear
Phenomena after classical conditioning
1) generalization -associating stimuli similar to CS as the CS; things similar to CS will cause a similar response 2) discrimination -the ability to distinguish between CS and unrelated stimuli; not associating stimuli that are dissimilar to CS with CS
Before conditioning
US—-> UR NS—-> not UR
During conditioning
US+NS—–> UR where acquisition occurs
After conditioning
CS——->CR *US is removed *NS becomes CS *CR is UR
Classical conditioning vs operant conditioning
Classical conditioning: learning results from association between stimuli we have no control over; involves respondent behavior-automatic responses to stimulus Operant conditioning: learning results from association between behavior and consequences; involves reward and punishment -outcomes generated by behavior
Elaborate on consequences in operant conditioning
it is neutral in a sense; the outcome can be positive or negative
Edward Thorndike what did he study, what he wanted to know, what did he invent, what did this inspire, developed what and in general what is it)
-he studied the behavior in cats -he wanted to know how cats solved problems -he invented 5he “puzzle box” -this inspired the “Skinner’s box” -he developed the LAW OF EFFECT: behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated
Law of Effect (discovered by, components of law)
- discovered by Thorndike -frequency of behavioral response depends on consequences
1) reinforcement - responses that have a satisfying consequence will more likely to be strengthened and more likely to occur again
2) Punishment - responses that lead to discomfort are weakened and less likey to occur again
B.F. Skinner
(what did he discover)
- discovered operant conditioning
- organisms learn responses that operate on the environment to produce consequences
Punshiment: decrease behavior
reinforcement: increase behavior
also discovered radical behaviorim
- all behavior is a result of its enviroment
- free will is an illusion
Why are responses “operant”?
responses operate on stimuli on the environment
-concerned with the effect of consequences on behavior
Reinforcers
Stimuli or events that increase the likelihood that the behavior it follows will be repeated again
if you like it, youll do it again
